2012 AMPLIFICATION OF
The English Language
Development Standards
KINDERGARTENGRADE 12
INCLUDING
• Features and examples of academic language
• Connections to state content standards,
including the Common Core State Standards
and Next Generation Science Standards
• Higher-order thinking at all levels of
language prociency
2012 AMPLIFICATION OF
The English Language
Development Standards
KINDERGARTEN GRADE 12
iv
Copyright Notice
WIDA’s 2012 Amplication of the English Language Development Standards, Kindergarten–Grade 12
(“WIDA ELD Standards”) is owned by the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System on
behalf of the WIDA Consortium. e WIDA ELD Standards are protected by United States copyright
laws and may not be reproduced, modied, or distributed, including posting, without the prior written
permission of the Wisconsin Center for Education Research (WCER) and the Board of Regents of the
University of Wisconsin System. e WIDA ELD Standards are for your personal, noncommercial use
only. You may not alter or remove any trademark, copyright, or other notice from copies of this booklet.
Fair use of the WIDA ELD Standards includes reproduction for the purpose of teaching (including
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© 2014 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, on behalf of WIDA—www.wida.us.
Version 1.6 Revised 2/6/17
1
Table of Contents and List of Figures
Section 1: e WIDA Standards Framework ........................................................................................ 3
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 3
e WIDA English Language Development Standards ............................................................................ 4
Grade Levels and Grade-Level Clusters .................................................................................................... 4
Developmentally Appropriate Academic Language in Sociocultural Contexts .......................................... 4
Performance Denitions .......................................................................................................................... 5
Features of the Standards Matrices ........................................................................................................... 8
Integrated, Expanded, and Complementary Strands .............................................................................. 12
Uses of the WIDA Standards Framework: Collaborate and Advocate! ................................................... 12
Strands of Model Performance Indicators Representing the WIDA English Language
Development Standards
Section 2: Integrated Strands .............................................................................................................. 16
Kindergarten–Grade 5 ........................................................................................................................... 16
Grades 6–12 .......................................................................................................................................... 18
Section 3: Expanded Strands ............................................................................................................... 20
Kindergarten ......................................................................................................................................... 20
Grade 1 ................................................................................................................................................. 22
Grade 2 ................................................................................................................................................. 24
Grade 3 ................................................................................................................................................. 26
Grade 4 ................................................................................................................................................. 28
Grade 5 ................................................................................................................................................. 30
Grade 6 ................................................................................................................................................. 32
Grade 7 ................................................................................................................................................. 34
Grade 8 ................................................................................................................................................. 36
Grades 9–10 .......................................................................................................................................... 38
Grades 11–12 ........................................................................................................................................ 40
Section 4: Strands by Grade Level ....................................................................................................... 43
Kindergarten ......................................................................................................................................... 44
Grade 1 ................................................................................................................................................. 50
Grade 2 ................................................................................................................................................. 56
Grade 3 ................................................................................................................................................. 62
Grade 4 ................................................................................................................................................. 68
Grade 5 ................................................................................................................................................. 74
Grade 6 ................................................................................................................................................. 80
Grade 7 ................................................................................................................................................. 86
Grade 8 ................................................................................................................................................. 92
Grades 9–10 .......................................................................................................................................... 98
Grades 11–12 ...................................................................................................................................... 104
2
Appendices
Appendix A: Glossary of Terms and Expressions Related to WIDA’s Standards ................................... 110
Appendix B: Selected References ......................................................................................................... 114
Appendix C: Index of Strands by Grade Level ..................................................................................... 117
Appendix D: Acknowledgements and Development Process ................................................................ 121
List of Figures
Figure A: e WIDA Standards Framework ............................................................................................ 3
Figure B: e English Language Development Standards ........................................................................ 4
Figure C: e Features of Academic Language ......................................................................................... 5
Figure D: WIDA Performance Denitions Listening and Reading, Grades K–12 .................................... 6
Figure E: WIDA Performance Denitions Speaking and Writing, Grades K–12 ...................................... 7
Figure F: Standard, Grade Level, Example Topic, and Connection .......................................................... 8
Figure G: Example Context for Language Use ......................................................................................... 8
Figure H: Cognitive Function ................................................................................................................. 9
Figure I: Domain and Levels of Language Prociency ........................................................................... 10
Figure J: A Model Performance Indicator (MPI) Within a Strand .......................................................... 10
Figure K: Examples of Sensory, Graphic, and Interactive Supports ........................................................ 11
Figure L: Topic-related Language ........................................................................................................... 12
Figure M: Guiding Questions for Drafting Strands of MPIs .................................................................. 13
Figure N: A Blank Template for Drafting Strands of MPIs .................................................................... 14
OVERVIEW
3
Introduction
e WIDA Standards Framework, depicted in Figure
A, consists of a set of interactive and interdependent
components that exemplify WIDA’s vision for academic
language development. is framework is the foundation
for WIDA’s work on language development standards.
e WIDA Standards Framework describes WIDA’s
conceptualization of language learning in addition to
the nature of academic language and its relation to
language development. It is represented by the following
components.
e WIDA Can Do Philosophy is based on the
belief that all students bring to their learning cultural,
experiential, and linguistic practices, skills, and ways of
knowing from their homes and communities. WIDA
believes that as educators, our role is to craft instruction
that capitalizes on and builds upon these assets.
e Guiding Principles of Language Development represent WIDA’s core beliefs about language
development. ey are derived from a synthesis of literature and research related to language development
and eective instructional practices for language learners.
e Features of Academic Language in Sociocultural Contexts highlight academic language features
across three dimensions: discourse, sentence, and word/phrase and six levels of language prociency taking
into consideration the various components of the learning environment (grade level content, purposes for
language use, role relationships with others, and other factors)
e Performance Denitions delineate the criteria for receptive language (listening and reading) and
productive language (speaking and writing) at six levels of language prociency. ey are informed by the
Features of Academic Language.
e Can Do Descriptors illustrate what learners can do at each level of language prociency across the ve
language development standards.
e Standards Matrices help educators envision what language development might look like in K–12
classrooms across levels of language prociency for each of the ve standards. e matrices are used in
conjunction with the Performance Denitions to describe possible student trajectories for academic
language development.
e components of the WIDA Standards Framework interact and inuence each other in the design
of curricula, language instruction, and assessment of language learners. Teachers and school leaders are
encouraged to highlight specic components of the framework in their language education programs to
t the specic needs of individual students and contexts. In doing so, all stakeholders can participate in
shaping the education of our increasingly rich and diverse student population.
SECTION 1:
The WIDA Standards Framework
Figure A: WIDA Standards Framework
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Performance
Denitions
Standards &
their Matrices
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OVERVIEW
4
The WIDA English Language Development Standards
e WIDA English Language Development (ELD) Standards represent the social, instructional, and
academic language that students need to engage with peers, educators, and the curriculum in schools.
Figure B shows the ve standards and their abbreviations.
Figure B: The English Language Development Standards
Standard Abbreviation
English Language
Development
Standard 1
English language learners communicate for Social and
Instructional purposes within the school setting
Social and
Instructional
language
English Language
Development
Standard 2
English language learners communicate information, ideas and
concepts necessary for academic success in the content area of
Language Arts
The language of
Language Arts
English Language
Development
Standard 3
English language learners communicate information, ideas and
concepts necessary for academic success in the content area of
Mathematics
The language of
Mathematics
English Language
Development
Standard 4
English language learners communicate information, ideas and
concepts necessary for academic success in the content area of
Science
The language of
Science
English Language
Development
Standard 5
English language learners communicate information, ideas and
concepts necessary for academic success in the content area of
Social Studies
The language of
Social Studies
Standard 1 draws on students’ personal experiences as they interact with teachers and peers. It works in
conjunction with Standards 2–5 that address the language of the content areas.
Grade Levels and Grade-Level Clusters
WIDA recognizes that English language development occurs over multiple years, is variable, and depends
on many factors (e.g., age, maturation, classroom experiences, programming, motivation, and attitudes.
With this in mind, WIDA has organized the ELD standards around individual grade levels from
Kindergarten through 8th grade and for grade-level clusters 9–10 and 11–12. Having examples at the
individual grade levels allows educators to recognize content topics pertaining to their grade and, most
importantly, remind them that instruction for ELLs must be age and developmentally appropriate. As
language development is a multi-year process, we encourage educators to look at examples of language
development across a cluster of grades to get a fuller picture of the range of language development for their
students. WIDA has a separate publication containing early language development standards for Pre-
Kindergarteners (children ages 2.5–5.5), as language development for this age group is unique.
Developmentally Appropriate Academic Language in Sociocultural Contexts
WIDA illustrates social, instructional, and academic language as three dimensions: discourse dimension,
sentence dimension, and word/phrase dimension. e FEATURES OF ACADEMIC LANGUAGE in
Figure C delineate academic language in each of these dimensions and their corresponding criteria of
OVERVIEW
5
Linguistic Complexity, Language Forms and Conventions, and Vocabulary Usage. Notice that the criteria
are framed within the sociocultural context that highlights the purpose of the communication and, most
importantly, the considers the participants and their experiences.
Figure C: The Features of Academic Language
Performance Denitions
e three dimensions used to dene each level of language prociency are displayed in two sets of
PERFORMANCE DEFINITIONS. One set of Performance Denitions (shown in Figure D) is for
receptive language and represents how ELLs process language to comprehend information, ideas, or
concepts in either oral or written communication. e other set of Performance Denitions (see Figure E)
is for productive language and shows how students use language to express information, ideas, or concepts
in either oral or written communication.
Students do not follow one common process for language development. Language development is
dependent on many factors (e.g., student personality, language exposure, instructional design, service
delivery, scaolding, models for language). erefore, the Performance Denitions outline many possible
pathways to students’ language development.
e Features of Academic Language operate within sociocultural contexts for language use.
Dimension Performance Criteria Features
Discourse Linguistic Complexity
(Quantity and variety of
oral and written text in
communication)
• Amount of speech/written text
• Structure of speech/written text
• Density of speech/written text
• Coherence and cohesion of ideas
• Variety of sentence types to form organized text
Sentence Language Forms and
Conventions
(Types, array, and use of
language structures in
communication)
• Types and variety of grammatical constructions
• Mechanics of sentence types
• Fluency of expression
• Match language forms to purposes/perspectives
• Formulaic and idiomatic expressions
Word/Phrase Vocabulary Usage
(Specicity of word or
phrase choice in
communication)
• General, specic, and technical language
• Multiple meanings of words and phrases
• Nuances and shades of meaning
• Collocations and idioms
e sociocultural contexts for language use involve the interaction between the student and the
language environment, encompassing the…
• Register
• Genre/Text type
• Topic
• Task/Situation
• Participants’ identities and social roles
OVERVIEW
6
Figure D: WIDA Performance Denitions Listening and Reading, Grades K–12
Within sociocultural contexts for processing language…
Discourse Dimension Sentence Dimension Word/Phrase Dimension
Linguistic Complexity Language Forms and Conventions Vocabulary Usage
Level 6 - Reaching
English language learners will process a range of grade-appropriate oral or written language for a variety of academic purposes and audiences. Automaticity in language
processing is reected in the ability to identify and act on signicant information from a variety of genres and registers. English language learners’ strategic competence in
processing academic language facilitates their access to content area concepts and ideas.
At each grade, toward the end of a given level of English language prociency, and with instructional support, English language learners will process…
Level 5
Bridging
• Rich descriptive discourse with complex
sentences
• Cohesive and organized, related ideas
across content areas
• A variety of complex grammatical structures
• Sentence patterns characteristic of particular
content areas
• Technical and abstract content-area
language
• Words and expressions with shades of
meaning across content areas
Level 4
Expanding
• Connected discourse with a variety of
sentences
• Expanded related ideas characteristic of
particular content areas
• Complex grammatical structures
• A broad range of sentence patterns
characteristic of particular content areas
• Specic and some technical content-area
language
• Words or expressions with multiple meanings
across content areas
Level 3
Developing
• Discourse with a series of extended
sentences
• Related ideas specic to particular
content areas
• Compound and some complex grammatical
constructions
• Sentence patterns across content areas
• Specic content-area language and expressions
• Words and expressions with common
collocations and idioms across content areas
Level 2
Emerging
• Multiple related simple sentences
• An idea with details
• Compound grammatical structures
• Repetitive phrasal and sentence patterns across
content areas
• General content words and expressions,
including cognates
• Social and instructional words and expressions
across content areas
Level 1
Entering
• Single statements or questions
• An idea within words, phrases, or chunks
of language
• Simple grammatical constructions (e.g.,
commands, Wh- questions, declaratives)
• Common social and instructional forms and
patterns
• General content-related words
• Everyday social, instructional and some
content-related words and phrases
OVERVIEW
7
Figure E: WIDA Performance Denitions Speaking and Writing, Grades K–12
Within sociocultural contexts for language use…
Discourse Dimension Sentence Dimension Word/Phrase Dimension
Linguistic Complexity Language Forms and Conventions Vocabulary Usage
Level 6 - Reaching
English language learners will use a range of grade-appropriate language for a variety of academic purposes and audiences. Agility in academic language use is reected
in oral uency and automaticity in response, exibility in adjusting to dierent registers and skillfulness in interpersonal interaction. English language learners’ strategic
competence in academic language use facilitates their ability to relate information and ideas with precision and sophistication for each content area.
At each grade, toward the end of a given level of English language prociency, and with instructional support, English language learners will produce…
Level 5
Bridging
• Multiple, complex sentences
• Organized, cohesive, and coherent
expression of ideas characteristic of
particular content areas
• A variety of complex grammatical structures
matched to purpose
• A broad range of sentence patterns
characteristic of particular content areas
• Technical and abstract content-area language,
including content-specic collocations
• Words and expressions with precise meaning
across content areas
Level 4
Expanding
• Short, expanded, and some complex
sentences
• Organized expression of ideas with
emerging cohesion characteristic of
particular content areas
• Compound and complex grammatical
structures
• Sentence patterns characteristic of particular
content areas
• Specic and some technical content-area
language
• Words and expressions with expressive
meaning through use of collocations and
idioms across content areas
Level 3
Developing
• Short and some expanded sentences with
emerging complexity
• Expanded expression of one idea or
emerging expression of multiple related
ideas across content areas
• Simple and compound grammatical structures
with occasional variation
• Sentence patterns across content areas
• Specic content language, including cognates
and expressions
• Words or expressions with multiple meanings
used across content areas
Level 2
Emerging
• Phrases or short sentences
• Emerging expression of ideas
• Formulaic grammatical structures
• Repetitive phrasal and sentence patterns across
content areas
• General content words and expressions
• Social and instructional words and expressions
across content areas
Level 1
Entering
• Words, phrases, or chunks of language
• Single words used to represent ideas
• Phrase-level grammatical structures
• Phrasal patterns associated with familiar social
and instructional situations
• General content-related words
• Everyday social and instructional words and
expressions
OVERVIEW
8
Features of the Standards Matrices
e standards matrices consist of several interconnected components that help educators envision what
language development might look like in K–12 classrooms.
An important feature in the WIDA standards matrix is an explicit CONNECTION to challenging state
academic standards. e connection, shown in Figure F, displays the content standard referenced in the
example topic or example context for language use. e standards that appear in this section are drawn
from the College and Career Readiness Standards, the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS), and
state academic content standards such as those from Alaska, Minnesota, and Virginia.
Figure F: Standard, Grade Level, Example Topic, and Connection
e example shown in Figure F addresses the Common Core Reading Standard for Literature, Craft and
Structure #6 for fourth grade. Since this standard is broad, a topic was chosen among many that relates
to the content standard. In the example above, the example topic is “Narration.” For a complete list of
example topics appearing in this publication, please see Appendix C.
WIDA recognizes that language learning is maximized in authentic and relevant contexts. In the standards
matrix, the EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE includes the task or situation in which
communication might occur, for example, when students engage in group work or conduct research online
(See Figure G.) It also may include who participates in the communication, the intended audience, and
the roles the dierent participants enact. In the example related to group work, the students may have
roles assigned to them, such as facilitator or note taker, and the language expected for each of these roles is
dierent. Likewise, if all participants in the group are peers, that also has an impact on the language used.
Figure G: Example Context for Language Use
e curriculum of Language Arts shares some language features with other subject areas, while also
possessing some unique features of its own. e example context shown in Figure G describes multiple
parts of a Language Arts lesson including whole group collaborative learning as well as student exploration
that could take place individually, in partners, or in small groups. While the genre for this topic is set as
narrative, the crafting of the context is left open for educators to incorporate their own ideas and resources.
GRADE 4
CONNECTION: Common Core Reading Standards for Literature, Craft and Structure #6 (Grade 4):
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students explore features of print in a variety of books with unique topics, formatting, and styles.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION:
READING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Identify language that
indicates narrative points of
view (e.g., “I” v. “he/she”)
from illustrated text using
word/phrase banks with a
partner
Identify language that
indicates narrative points of
view (e.g., “he felt scared”)
from illustrated text using
word/phrase banks with a
partner
Categorize passages based
on narrative points of view
from illustrated text using
word/phrase banks with a
partner
Compare narrative points
of view in extended texts
using graphic organizers
with a partner
Compare and contrast
narrative points of view in
extended texts
:
person, third person
ELP STANDARD 2: The Language of Language Arts
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Narration
GRADE 4
CONNECTION: Common Core Reading Standards for Literature, Craft and Structure #6 (Grade 4):
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students explore features of print in a variety of books with unique topics, formatting, and styles.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION:
READING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
L
evel 6 – Reaching
Identify language that
indicates narrative points of
view (e.g., “I” v. “he/she”)
from illustrated text using
word/phrase banks with a
partner
Identify language that
indicates narrative points of
view (e.g., “he felt scared”)
from illustrated text using
word/phrase banks with a
partner
Categorize passages based
on narrative points of view
from illustrated text using
word/phrase banks with a
partner
Compare narrative points
of view in extended texts
using graphic organizers
with a partner
Compare and contrast
narrative points of view in
extended texts
:
person, third person
ELP STANDARD 2: The Language of Language Arts
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Narration
OVERVIEW
9
Students may encounter a variety of text types within the narrative genre, such as recounts, descriptions,
opinions, or dialogues. Further, narratives can vary in the way they are organized (e.g., sequential or not,
shifts in points of view) and how forms and conventions are used to create eects (e.g., process or action
verbs, tenses, simple, compound, and complex sentences). When educators make strategic decisions about
the texts or oral language that students will process or produce in approaching a given task, they can shape
the example context for language use to guide students’ language and content learning.
Learning through participation in tasks within and outside the classroom requires particular levels of
cognitive engagement. WIDA expresses this cognitive demand in the standards matrices through the
COGNITIVE FUNCTION, shown in Figure H. For example, students need to understand the language
in the instructions to conduct an experiment. After the students perform the experiment, they need to
analyze their observations and evaluate their original hypotheses. Understand, analyze, and evaluate are all
examples of cognitive functions. WIDA has adopted the language of Bloom’s revised taxonomy (Anderson
& Krathwohl, 2001*) to highlight a uniform cognitive demand across all levels of language prociency.
Figure H: Cognitive Function
*Anderson, L. W., & D. R. Krathwohl (Eds.) (2001). A Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching, and Assessing: A Revision of Bloom’s Taxonomy of
Educational Objectives. New York: Longman.
In Figure H, the cognitive function runs along the dierent levels of language prociency to emphasize that
the process of analysis applies to all students, regardless of their level of language prociency. Educators
need to maintain the same cognitive demand of a task as they dierentiate the language of instruction and
assessment to ensure educational equity for all students. In the example, students have to compare and
contrast dierent points of view in a narrative. e mental process involved in doing so is analysis. At an
entering level of language prociency, although students can analyze, they do not yet have the language
necessary to process extended texts. ey can, however, locate familiar words and phrases in context and
then analyze whether they indicate a point of view.
ELLs need to construct meaning from oral and written language as well as to express complex ideas and
information. To achieve this goal, students must process and produce language within four DOMAINS,
listening, speaking, reading, and writing. By focusing on four domains,educators can balance opportunities
for language learning and take advantage of students’ stronger English language skills in one domain to
support their development in the other domains. is format does not imply, however, that language
domains are used, taught, or learned in isolation. e nature of language necessitates the integration of
language domains; for example, during classroom interactions, students have to listen and speak to carry
on a conversation. In general, to show processing or comprehension of language, students need to produce
language either orally, in writing, or use semiotics (signs or symbols). Section 2: Integrated Strands on pp.
18–21 showcases how the language domains are integrated within units of instruction.
GRADE 4
CONNECTION: Common Core Reading Standards for Literature, Craft and Structure #6 (Grade 4):
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students explore features of print in a variety of books with unique topics, formatting, and styles.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION:
READ
ING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Lev
el 6 – Reaching
Identify language that
indicates narrative points of
view (e.g., “I” v. “he/she”)
from illustrated text using
word/phrase banks with a
partner
Identify language that
indicates narrative points of
view (e.g., “he felt scared”)
from illustrated text using
word/phrase banks with a
partner
Categorize passages based
on narrative points of view
from illustrated text using
word/phrase banks with a
partner
Compare narrative points
of view in extended texts
using graphic organizers
with a partner
Compare and contrast
narrative points of view in
extended texts
:
person, third person
ELP STANDARD 2: The Language of Language Arts
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Narration
OVERVIEW
10
e range of language development is represented by LEVELS OF LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY (See
Figure I). e standards matrices distinguish ve levels of language prociency, dened by specic criteria.
Level 6, Reaching, represents the end of the continuum and represents language performance that meets all
the criteria for Level 5.
Figure I: Domain and Levels of Language Prociency
e WIDA standards matrices show examples of how language is processed or produced within a particular
context through MODEL PERFORMANCE INDICATORS (MPIs). MPIs are meant to be examples and
not xed guidelines of the language with which students may engage during instruction and assessment.
For each domain (reading, writing, listening, speaking) represented in this document, we present MPIs for
Language Prociency Levels 1–5. We call these STRANDs of MPIs and this arrangement helps students
and teachers envision how language may look as a progression from one level of language prociency to the
next. A strand of MPIs represents one of many possible pathways in language development for a particular
context. Students and educators can modify or transform existing strands of MPIs to make them more
relevant to their local curriculum or classroom instruction. Educators can then use strands to a) match
students’ performance to levels of language development, b) create language objectives that go beyond
students’ independent level of language prociency, and/or c) dierentiate the language of the content to
match the level of students’ language prociency.
Strands of MPIs are only examples that illustrate dierentiated language expectations related to content-area
instruction within one language domain. We invite teachers to create, innovate, transform, and customize
the standards matrices to best meet the needs of their ELLs and language education programs.
e MPI in Figure J represents how language might be processed in the context presented by students with
English language prociency at Level 4, Expanding, in reading. In this example, students compare narrative
points of view in extended texts with a partner.
Figure J: A Model Performance Indicator (MPI) Within a Strand
GRADE 4
CONNECTION: Common Core Reading Standards for Literature, Craft and Structure #6 (Grade 4):
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students explore features of print in a variety of books with unique topics, formatting, and styles.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION:
READING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
:
person, third person
ELP STANDARD 2: The Language of Language Arts
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Narration
GRADE 4
CONNECTION: Common Core Reading Standards for Literature, Craft and Structure #6 (Grade 4):
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students explore features of print in a variety of books with unique topics, formatting, and styles.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION:
READING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Identify language that
indicates narrative points of
view (e.g., “I” v. “he/she”)
from illustrated text using
word/phrase banks with a
partner
Identify language that
indicates narrative points of
view (e.g., “he felt scared”)
from illustrated text using
word/phrase banks with a
partner
Categorize passages based
on narrative points of view
from illustrated text using
word/phrase banks with a
partner
Compare narrative points
of view in extended texts
using graphic organizers
with a partner
Compare and contrast
narrative points of view in
extended texts
:
person, third person
ELP STANDARD 2: The Language of Language Arts
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Narration
OVERVIEW
11
e WIDA MPIs are composed of three main elements: the language function, the content stem, and
supports. Figure J shows the LANGUAGE FUNCTIONS, the linguistic processes used in receiving or
conveying a message. is part of the MPI describes how ELLs process or produce language. In the example
in Figure J, ELLs identify language related to narrative points of view and derive meaning from it by
comparing. Educators can use this information to better understand the type of language that students have
to process in text as they compare narrative points of view with a partner.
e second element of the MPI is the CONTENT STEM. e content stem is derived from state and
national content standards, including college and career readiness standards and Next Generation Science
Standards. e content stem exemplies WIDA’s view that language development should be integrated
within content instruction and assessment through meaningful and authentic contexts.
e third element of the MPI is the instructional SUPPORT. It is always listed at the end of the MPI and
illustrates the importance of scaolding language development for ELLs, at least through Level 4. In the
example in Figure J, the supports are “using graphic organizers with a partner.” Working with a partner is
an interactive support because it allows for increased interaction and engagement of students. However,
working with a partner is not always enough to scaold language development. Educators need to organize
their instruction and assessment with intention, especially considering students’ roles in partner and group
work, to ensure the ecacy of any support. In the example shown in Figure J, Level 4 students might also
refer to graphic organizers as they read to remind them of key language related to each narrative point of
view. WIDA categorizes supports as sensory, graphic, or interactive, with some examples of each below, in
Figure K.
Figure K: Examples of Sensory, Graphic, and Interactive Supports
Sensory Supports Graphic Supports Interactive Supports
Real-life objects (realia)
Manipulatives
Pictures & photographs
Illustrations, diagrams, & drawings
Magazines & newspapers
Physical activities
Videos & lms
Broadcasts
Models & gures
Charts
Graphic organizers
Tables
Graphs
Timelines
Number lines
In pairs or partners
In triads or small groups
In a whole group
Using cooperative group
structures
With the Internet (websites) or
software programs
In the home language
With mentors
Another important feature in the WIDA standards matrix is the TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE.
ese are example content-related words and expressions to which all students of that grade level should
be exposed, regardless of their language prociency. Although students may be at dierent points in their
language development trajectory, when learning particular content, certain specic and technical language is
essential for engaging in learning the ideas and concepts presented. erefore, through the use of scaolding
and supports, students should have the opportunity to interact with that language. In the example in Figure
L, the topic-related language includes narrate, narration, rst person, and third person.
OVERVIEW
12
Figure L: Topic-related Language
Integrated, Expanded, and Complementary Strands
As an extension of the standards matrices, WIDA has included some additional types of strands. Two
INTEGRATED strands are presented on pp. 16–19 that show how extensive units of instruction can
integrate the use of all four language domains, the ve standards, and various grade levels.
e EXPANDED strand for each grade level (see pp. 20–42) can be used in collaboration between
language and content area educators. e purpose of these strands is to a) show how the MPIs are
connected to the Performance Denitions, b) provide concrete examples of language in discourse, sentence,
and word/phrase dimensions, and c) inform teachers’ planning and instruction as they identify language
that might be appropriate for their students. Each expanded strand oers language features for Language
Prociency Levels 1–3 and 3–5.
In addition to the strands for each of WIDA’s ve ELD standards, there is one COMPLEMENTARY
strand per grade level to reach out to all educators who work with ELLs. ese strands represent our belief
that language learning occurs throughout the school day in all classes. We wish to recognize that academic
language permeates schooling and that all teachers are in fact language teachers.
WIDA’s complementary strands cover:
• e Language of Music and Performing Arts
• e Language of the Humanities
• e Language of Visual Arts
• e Language of Health and Physical Education
• e Language of Technology and Engineering
Uses of the WIDA Standards Framework: Collaborate and Advocate!
WIDA’s mission of advancing the academic language development and academic achievement of
ELLs starts with our standards. e WIDA Standards Framework exemplies our belief in the assets,
contributions, and potential of ELLs. We encourage educators to work collaboratively, to use the framework
to make the standards suitable to local contexts, and to connect them to other resources available in the
school community. We hope this framework serves as a starting point to help students, families, teachers,
and administrators in their advocacy eorts to promote ELLs’ access to grade-level, standards-based content
curriculum as well as extracurricular opportunities. rough careful attention to language development and
scaolded support that builds on students’ strengths, all learners in the educational community benet. For
ELLs, this is essential in their journey to academic achievement.
Figure M shows the questions educators should ask themselves when planning instruction for ELLs or
when drafting additional strands of MPIs. Figure N is a blank template that can be copied and reused for
this purpose.
GRADE 4
CONNECTION: Common Core Reading Standards for Literature, Craft and Structure #6 (Grade 4):
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students explore features of print in a variety of books with unique topics, formatting, and styles.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION:
R
EADING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Identify language that
indicates narrative points of
view (e.g., “I” v. “he/she”)
from illustrated text using
word/phrase banks with a
partner
Identify language that
indicates narrative points of
view (e.g., “he felt scared”)
from illustrated text using
word/phrase banks with a
partner
Categorize passages based
on narrative points of view
from illustrated text using
word/phrase banks with a
partner
Compare narrative points
of view in extended texts
using graphic organizers
with a partner
Compare and contrast
narrative points of view in
extended texts
:
person, third person
ELP STANDARD 2: The Language of Language Arts
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Narration
CONNECTION: Which state content standards, including the Common Core, form the basis of related lessons or a unit of study? What are the essential concepts and skills
embedded in the content standards? What is the language associated with these grade-level concepts and skills?
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: What is the purpose of the content work, task, or product? What roles or identities do the students assume? What register is
required of the task? What are the genres of text types with which the students are interacting?
COGNITIVE FUNCTION:
What is the level of cognitive engagement for the given task? Does the level of cognitive engagement match or exceed that of the content standards?
Language Domain(s):
How will learners process and use language?
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
A Strand of Model Performance Indicators:
What language are the students expected to process or produce at each level of prociency?
Which language functions reect the cognitive function at each level of prociency?
Which instructional supports (sensory, graphic, and interactive) are necessary for students to access content?
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: With which grade-level words and expressions will all students interact?
13
OVERVIEW
ELD STANDARD: ____________________________
EXAMPLE TOPIC:
What is one of the topics addressed in the selected content standard(s)?
GRADE:____
Figure M: Guiding Questions for Drafting Strands of MPIs
14
GRADE: _______
CONNECTION:
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE:
COGNITIVE FUNCTION:
DOMAIN:_________________________
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE:
ELD STANDARD: _________________________________
EXAMPLE TOPIC: ________________________________
Figure N: A Blank Template for Drafting Strands of MPIs
15
The strands in sections 2–3 are new to the 2012 standards framework. Like the
grade-level strands found in Section 4, they illustrate how students process
and produce language across the levels of language prociency. Additionally,
they are uniquely formatted to highlight certain aspects of language
development such as the domains and features of academic language.
SECTION 2: Integrated Strands
Two strands (for Kindergarten–Grade 5 and Grades 6–12) address the use of
multiple language domains and standards in cross-curricular units of study
SECTION 3: Expanded Strands
One strand for each grade level provides concrete examples of language
features at the discourse, sentence, and word/phrase dimensions
Strands of Model Performance
Indicators Representing the WIDA
English Language Development
Standards
INTEGRATED STRANDS
16
CONNECTIONS: Common Core College and Career Readiness Anchor Standards for
Reading #10, Writing #10, and Speaking and Listening #1 (Grades K–5): 10. Read and
comprehend complex literary and informational texts independently and prociently.
10. Write routinely over extended time frames (time for research, reection, and
revision) and shorter time frames (a single sitting or a day or two) for a range of
tasks, purposes, and audiences. 1. Prepare for and participate eectively in a range of
conversations and collaborations with diverse partners, building on others’ ideas and
expressing their own clearly and persuasively.
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Measurement and Data.
Next Generation Science Standards, Earth and Space Sciences K-ESS2-1, 3-ESS2-1,
4-ESS3-2: Use and share observations of local weather conditions to describe patterns
over time. Represent data in tables and graphical displays to describe typical weather
conditions expected during a particular season. Generate and compare multiple
solutions to reduce the impacts of natural Earth processes on humans.
History and Social Science Standards of Learning for Virginia Public Schools 1.6
(Grade 1), 1 (Virginia Studies): e student will describe how the location of his/
her community, climate, and physical surroundings aect the way people live,
including their food, clothing, shelter, transportation, and recreation. e student will
demonstrate skills for historical and geographical analysis and responsible citizenship,
including the ability to i) analyze and interpret maps to explain relationships among
landforms, water features, climatic characteristics, and historical events.
is integrated strand invites educators to consider how they might prepare units
incorporating multiple language domains and subject areas so that students can
make important learning connections across disciplines. For example, as students
gain familiarity with ideas and concepts about weather, educators have a great
opportunity to focus on instructing them in the unique features of language used
to communicate about weather in each content area. In this integrated strand, the
model performance indicators for receptive and productive domains are combined.
erefore, students can use their stronger domain skills (e.g., in speaking) to
scaold their development in the other productive domain (e.g., writing).
Likewise, reading might act as a scaold for students’ listening, or vice versa. Some
possibilities for what this scaolding might look like include taking turns listening
to each other read a text, such as an Internet-based news article, and then listening
to a recording of it to increase comprehension. For the productive domains,
students might think aloud with their classmates orally then write, or even dictate
to an adult to see what their ideas look like in writing. For students with stronger
writing skills, they might take time to prepare their thoughts independently on
paper, then use their writing as a support for a speaking activity. ese activities
would all require dierentiated support depending on students’ language
prociency levels, and it is important to make sure throughout the unit that all
students can engage in higher-order thinking to apply their background knowledge
of weather to each of the content areas.
ELD STANDARDS 15
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Weather
KINDERGARTENGRADE 5
SECTION 2:
Integrated Strands
INTEGRATED STRANDS
17
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students investigate, collect data, and report on the impact of weather conditions on people in dierent communities, regions,
and nations around the world.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency APPLY knowledge of weather conditions across the content areas.
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
LISTENING & READING
Match icons or numbers
with photographs to denote
weather conditions and
their eects on people (e.g.,
people’s moods, ways of
living) based on videos and
text-based resources using
calendars, maps, charts,
and graphs
Select information related
to weather conditions and
their eects on people
based on videos and
text-based resources using
calendars, maps, charts,
and graphs
Relate weather conditions
to their eects on people
based on videos, podcasts,
and text-based resources
using calendars, maps,
charts, and graphs
Compare weather
conditions and their eects
on people based on videos,
podcasts, and text-based
resources using calendars,
maps, charts, and graphs
Draw conclusions about
weather conditions and
their eects on people
based on videos, podcasts,
and text-based resources
using calendars, maps,
charts, and graphs
SPEAKING & WRITING
Name weather conditions
and their eects on people
using calendars, maps,
charts, and graphs
Restate weather conditions
and their eects on people
using calendars, maps,
charts, and graphs
Describe weather
conditions and their eects
on people using calendars,
maps, charts, and graphs
Discuss weather conditions
and their eects on people
using calendars, maps,
charts, and graphs
Explain weather conditions
and their eects on people
using calendars, maps,
charts, and graphs
TOPICRELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions across the content areas.
INTEGRATED STRANDS
18
CONNECTIONS: Common Core College and Career Readiness Anchor Standards for
Reading (# 7) and Writing (#1–2) for Literacy in History/Social Studies, Science, and
Technical Subjects: Integrate and evaluate content presented in diverse formats and
media, including visually and quantitatively, as well as in words. Write arguments to
support claims in an analysis of substantive topics or texts using valid reasoning and
relevant and sucient evidence. Write informative/explanatory texts to examine and
convey complex ideas and information clearly and accurately through the eective
selection, organization, and analysis of content.
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, the Number System (Grades 6–8),
Number and Quantity, Modeling (Grades 9–12), Geometry, Statistics and Probability
(Grades 6–12)
Next Generation Science Standards, Earth and Space Sciences; Engineering, Technology,
and Applications of Science MS-ETS1-1, HS-ESS3-2, HS-ESS3-4, HS-ETS1-3: Dene
the criteria and constraints of a design problem with sucient precision to ensure a
successful solution, taking into account relevant scientic principles and potential
impacts on people and the natural environment that may limit possible solutions.
Evaluate competing design solutions for developing, managing, and utilizing energy
and mineral resources based on cost-benet ratios. Evaluate or rene a technological
solution that reduces impacts of human activities on natural systems. Evaluate a
solution to a complex real-world problem based on prioritized criteria and trade-os
that account for a range of constraints, including cost, safety, reliability, and aesthetics
as well as possible social, cultural, and environmental impacts.
Minnesota K–12 Academic Standards in Social Studies, Civics #1, Economics #1,
Geography #2 (Grades 6–12): Democratic government depends on informed and
engaged citizens who exhibit civic skills and values, practice civic discourse, vote
and participate in elections, apply inquiry and analysis skills, and take action to
solve problems and shape public policy. People make informed economic choices by
identifying their goals, interpreting and applying data, considering the short- and long-
run costs and benets of alternative choices, and revising their goals based on their
analysis. Geographic inquiry is a process in which people ask geographic questions and
gather, organize, and analyze information to solve problems and plan for the future.
ELD STANDARDS 15
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Green architecture
GRADES 6–12
is integrated strand is intended to capture the imagination of educators who
have the opportunity to work in teams and construct interdisciplinary units of
study. e ideas contained within the strand are only a fraction of the possibilities
for learning that could take place in such a unit. e unit presented here will no
doubt require some adaptation to t local contexts, and students themselves may
have ideas for areas of exploration within their communities, making the content
and language instruction around green architecture relevant, motivating, and
memorable.
As you review the model performance indicators for all four domains, consider
the direct language instruction and support required to allow ELLs at all levels of
prociency to take an active role in their group’s nal project. Please note that the
domains of listening and reading showcase how students will gather information
in earlier phases of the project, and the productive domains present dierentiated
expectations for how students will develop (writing) and present (speaking) the
nal product. If referring to this strand to plan instruction, please keep in mind
that students’ levels of language prociency vary across the domains, so educators
can best serve students if they dierentiate and scaold for that variety rather than
using only the MPIs for each students’ overall prociency level. For example, if a
student in your class has an overall prociency level of 4, but performs consistently
at level 2 in writing, level 3 in reading, level 4 in speaking, and level 5 in listening,
make sure to look at the level corresponding to each domain and not just the
MPIs for level 4.
INTEGRATED STRANDS
19
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students working in heterogeneous groups draft and present plans to local government and community members for green
architectural development for their community including, for instance, social action eorts, scientic needs assessments, budgets, and design and construction blueprints.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency EVALUATE information and CREATE a green architectural plan.
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
LISTENING
Select possible components
of green architectural plans
from videos, interactive
presentations (e.g., from
Internet), and guest
speakers
Categorize information
on components of green
architectural plans
from videos, interactive
presentations, and guest
speakers using graphic
organizers
Compare and contrast
possible components of
green architectural plans
from videos, interactive
presentations, and guest
speakers using graphic
organizers
Identify details that support
selection of components of
green architectural plans
from videos, interactive
presentations, and guest
speakers
Connect ideas and reasons
that support selection
of components of green
architectural plans
from videos, interactive
presentations, and guest
speakers
SPEAKING
Present green architectural
plans using multimedia
with visuals and captions
based on research, original
blueprints, and business
plans in small groups
Describe features of green
architectural plans based
on research, original
blueprints, and business
plans in small groups
Explain the need to adopt
green architectural plans
based on research, original
blueprints, and business
plans in small groups
Defend choices made
in designing green
architectural plans based
on research, original
blueprints, and business
plans in small groups
Persuade stakeholders to
adopt green architectural
plans based on research,
original blueprints, and
business plans
READING
Select possible components
of green architectural
plans (e.g., community
gardens, high-tech building
materials) from a variety
of informational texts and
models using L1 or L2
Find exemplars of dierent
components of green
architectural plans from
a variety of informational
texts and models using L1
or L2
Classify information on
components of green
architectural plans (e.g.,
by usefulness, eciency,
cost) from a variety of
informational texts and
models in small groups
Identify details that support
selection of components
of green architectural
plans from a variety of
informational texts and
models in small groups
Find research-based
evidence supporting
selection of components
of green architectural
plans from a variety of
informational texts and
models in small groups
WRITING
Label and caption
materials for multimedia
presentations on green
architectural plans in small
groups
Compose bulleted text
for slides or handouts for
multimedia presentations
on green architectural plans
in small groups
Describe green
architectural plans for
multimedia presentations
in small groups
Summarize positions
or approaches in green
architectural plans for
multimedia presentations
in small groups
Produce and edit scripts for
multimedia presentations
on green architectural plans
in small groups
TOPICRELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions across the content areas.
EXPANDED STRANDS
20
KINDERGARTEN
KINDERGARTEN
CONNECTION: Common Core Speaking and Listening Standards #3 (Kindergarten): Participate in collaborative conversations with diverse partners about Kindergarten topics and
texts with peers and adults in small and larger groups.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students give visitors (e.g., family members) a classroom tour and tell how students work collaboratively in groups or centers.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency REMEMBER how to work collaboratively with their peers.
SPEAKING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Repeat and respond to
chants about working
collaboratively in small
groups or centers (e.g.,
call and response) using
gestures
Produce simple
statements about working
collaboratively in small
groups or centers using
oral sentence starters and
models
Produce statements about
working collaboratively
in small groups or centers
using oral sentence starters
and models
Tell about working
collaboratively in small
groups or centers using
models
Elaborate on working
collaboratively in small
groups or centers using
models
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: taking turns, cooperation, job,
today, tomorrow
ELD STANDARD 1: Social & Instructional Language
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Classroom collaboration
All kindergarten students are beginning their journey of learning the language
of school. ELLs in particular rely on modeling from teachers and peers as they
produce social and instructional oral English. In this expanded strand, students
with level 1 English language prociency begin by repeating and responding
to repetitive chants about familiar topics. e italicized text in the Linguistic
Complexity row for levels 1–3 represents the teacher’s voice, with the students’
response in plain text. For levels 2–4, the underlined text in the Linguistic
Complexity row represents oral sentence starters introduced by the teacher. With
support such as modeling, students at the higher levels of language prociency
can independently produce sentences to tell about their daily classroom routines.
Many students will need time and practice to produce language like the examples
in the expanded strand below, but that repetitive practice is valuable not only
linguistically, but in forming their identities as part of the learning community.
SECTION 3:
Expanded Strands
EXPANDED STRANDS
21
Example Language Features
Levels 1–3 Levels 2–4 Levels 3–5
Level 6 – Reaching
Linguistic
Complexity
Discourse
Dimension
Is this the yellow group? Yes, we are.
Is this the yellow group? Yes, we are.
Who is the leader? I am!
Who is a helper? I am! I am!
What do you do? I help.
What do you do? I clean up.
I am in the yellow group. Cristina is in my
group. My friend is in the red group.
I like to be the leader.
I can help the teacher.
My job today is ____ (lunch count/calendar/
weather).
is is the _____ center.
At this center, everyone ________.
We are working on ____. We work together.
It is my turn ______ (to do lunch count/
to be line leader/for share time/for show and
tell).
Language
Forms &
Conventions
Sentence
Dimension
Yes, [I am/we are].
I am/We are.
I am/Cristina is
I like to…
I can help ____
is is…
At…, I/we ____.
working
We are working on
Vocabulary
Usage
Word/Phrase
Dimension
yellow
green
red
blue
group
help
clean up
job
I can
help
leader
lunch count
calendar
weather
center
work together
everyone
my turn
line leader
share time/show and tell
CONNECTION: Common Core Speaking and Listening Standards #3 (Kindergarten): Participate in collaborative conversations with diverse partners about Kindergarten topics and
texts with peers and adults in small and larger groups.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students give visitors (e.g., family members) a classroom tour and tell how students work collaboratively in groups or centers.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency REMEMBER how to work collaboratively with their peers.
SPEAKING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Repeat and respond to
chants about working
collaboratively in small
groups or centers (e.g.,
call and response) using
gestures
Produce simple
statements about working
collaboratively in small
groups or centers using
oral sentence starters and
models
Produce statements about
working collaboratively
in small groups or centers
using oral sentence starters
and models
Tell about working
collaboratively in small
groups or centers using
models
Elaborate on working
collaboratively in small
groups or centers using
models
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: taking turns, cooperation, job,
today, tomorrow
EXPANDED STRANDS
22
GRADE 1
CONNECTION: Common Core Standards for Mathematics, Measurement and Data #1 (Grade 1): Order three objects by length; compare the lengths of two objects indirectly by
using a third object.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students work independently or with a partner to create charts about the length of objects using standard and non-standard
measurement tools (e.g., paper clips, popsicle sticks, string, rulers, yard/meter sticks).
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency ANALYZE the relative length of objects.
LISTENING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Follow oral instructions to
identify lengths of objects
following a model with a
partner
Follow oral instructions to
categorize objects according
to their length following a
model with a partner
Follow oral instructions to
order objects according to
their lengths following a
model with a partner
Follow oral instructions
to compare the lengths of
objects using a template
with a partner
Follow multi-step oral
instructions to compare the
lengths of objects with a
partner
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: inches/centimeters, foot, yard/
meter, length, chart, standard, non-standard
ELD STANDARD 3: The Language of Mathematics
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Measurement of objects
In the expanded strand below, the instructions for completing a task are
dierentiated according to students’ levels of language prociency. It is assumed in
this strand that students at the upper levels of language prociency would follow
and complete all the instructions shown from Level 1, Entering through Level
5, Bridging. Educators should not give extensive or abstract oral instructions to
beginning students, so the instructions exemplied for levels 2–5 would need
to be supported in multiple ways for beginning level students. Sensory, graphic,
and interactive supports such as models, templates, and partners can be used in
scaolding the linguistic complexity of the instructions for ELLs and support
multiple learning styles.
EXPANDED STRANDS
23
Example Language Features
Levels 1–3 Levels 2–4 Levels 3–5
Level 6 – Reaching
Linguistic
Complexity
Discourse
Dimension
Let’s measure our books! I’m going to use a
ruler to measure my book (teacher shows ruler
and book). My book is 14 inches long. Take
out your ruler. Now you measure your book!
Show me how to measure your book.
Let’s measure our desks! I’m going to use a
popsicle stick...
Let’s measure our bookshelf!
Look at your measurement tools. e paper
clip is short. e popsicle stick is longer than
the paper clip. e ruler is longest. Put them
in order from shortest to longest.
e teacher desk is easier to measure with the
ruler. e student desk is easier to measure
with the popsicle stick.
Find the length of the desk using the best
measurement tool. Remember, it’s easier
to measure a long object with a longer
measurement tool (teacher models measuring
his/her desk with a popsicle stick, then a
ruler). en measure other things using the
same tool. Don’t forget to write down your
measurements!
Language
Forms &
Conventions
Sentence
Dimension
one inch
two inches
short, shorter, shortest
long, longer, longest
easier
First,… then,…
as long as
Vocabulary
Usage
Word/Phrase
Dimension
desk, book
paper clip
popsicle stick
string
ruler
yard/meter stick
short
long
shorter than
longer than
Put them in order
measure with
nd the length of
Remember
Don’t forget
measurements
EXPANDED STRANDS
24
GRADE 2
CONNECTION: Common Core Reading Standards for Informational Text, Key Ideas and Details #2 (Grade 2): Identify the main topic of a multi-paragraph text as well as the focus
of specic paragraphs within the text. 2. Describe the connection between a series of historical events, scientic ideas or concepts, or steps.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students research historical times and people using informational texts in preparation for creating a timeline poster.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency ANALYZE the connections between dierent historical times and people.
READING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Match pictures with
information about
historical times and people
from illustrated texts with
a partner
Identify important
information about
historical times and people
from illustrated texts with
a partner
Sort information about
historical times and people
from illustrated texts using
graphic organizers in small
groups
Sequence information
about historical times and
people from illustrated
texts using graphic
organizers in small groups
Connect information about
historical times and people
from illustrated texts using
graphic organizers (e.g.,
timelines)
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: historical times,
communication
ELD STANDARD 5: THE Language of Social Studies
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Historical times and people
rough the use of informational texts, students analyze societal changes from
past to present in this expanded strand. While the depth of their analysis in
English may be greater at the higher levels of prociency, all students are given the
opportunity to analyze rather than remember, understand, or apply. Linguistically,
students across the language development continuum are given opportunities to
move from matching phrases and simple sentences to sorting, sequencing, and
connecting information presented in complex sentences. At the beginning levels,
students might be introduced to count/non-count nouns while others at the higher
levels work on introductory and comparative clauses. e examples for language
structures and vocabulary presented are only some possibilities that should be
adapted to local curricular goals.
EXPANDED STRANDS
25
Example Language Features
Levels 1–3 Levels 2–4 Levels 3–5
Level 6 – Reaching
Linguistic
Complexity
Discourse
Dimension
Labels to match to pictures:
the Pony Express
letters
telegraph
air mail
email
Horses carried mail.
People send emails.
Men rode horses to bring people letters.
Pilots y planes to bring people their mail.
A long time ago, horses helped carry the mail
across the country. A short time later, the
telegraph was invented. People used it to send
messages over wires. It was faster than the
Pony Express.
Language
Forms &
Conventions
Sentence
Dimension
mail/letters
carry mail ➞ carried mail
People send emails.
People send emails to…
bring people their mail
A long time ago,
A short time later,
used it to
It was faster than
Vocabulary
Usage
Word/Phrase
Dimension
the Pony Express
letters
telegraph
air mail
email
carry mail
send mail
Pilots y planes
their mail
across the country
was invented
messages
wires
EXPANDED STRANDS
26
GRADE 3
CONNECTION: Common Core Standards for Writing #5 (Grade 3): With guidance and support from peers and adults, develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning,
revising, and editing.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students provide feedback to peers in writing conferences to recognize key elements in strengthening narratives.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency EVALUATE writing.
WRITING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Supply words for sentences
about revising from models
Compose phrases and
simple sentences about
revising from models
Compose sentences about
revising from models
Suggest ideas for revising
using word banks
Provide detailed feedback
for revising
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: revise, redo, improve
ELD STANDARD 2: The Language of Language Arts
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Giving feedback for revision
is expanded strand highlights how to support students in giving feedback to
peers on their writing. In third grade, all students will be more comfortable in
this role if their educator constructs specic awareness of the criteria on which
they must evaluate their peers’ writing, and the language they can use to do so.
By providing sentence frames and models to students in levels 1–3, educators can
explicitly demonstrate how to use topic-related vocabulary in more linguistically
complex ways. Word banks and models help students at higher levels of language
prociency apply their language skills more independently. e examples in the
forms and conventions row draw attention to possible linguistic features that can
be practiced, such as tenses, pluralization, pronouns, and others. Teachers should
take care to introduce similar language structures across the language domains so
that when the focus is on writing, as in this strand, it reinforces development of
students’ speaking skills for the next time they give oral feedback.
EXPANDED STRANDS
27
Example Language Features
Levels 1–3 Levels 2–4 Levels 3–5
Level 6 – Reaching
Linguistic
Complexity
Discourse
Dimension
Model sentences
e best part of your story was…(the setting/
the characters)
I liked…
Your story needs… (information, humor,
details)
Tell me more about…
Nice job. I liked your title, “Life with
Summer.” I enjoyed it because dogs are cute.
Your dog Summer is big. Please write more
stories about Summer.
You were good at describing your dog
Summer. I really liked reading about your
dog’s size, color, and fur. e details helped
me know what she looks like. One thing you
can improve is to write more about the place
where you and your dog like to play fetch.
Language
Forms &
Conventions
Sentence
Dimension
better, best
your, my, his, hers
is ➞ was
like ➞ liked
“Life with Summer”
because
story ➞ stories
about
describe ➞ describing,
read ➞ reading
really
dog’s
Vocabulary
Usage
Word/Phrase
Dimension
setting, characters
needs
Tell me more
enjoyed
more, less
good at
looks like
improve
write more
EXPANDED STRANDS
28
GRADE 4
CONNECTION: Next Generation Science Standards, Earth and Space Sciences, Earth’s Systems: Processes that Shape the Earth ESS1-1, ESS2-1 (Grade 4): Identify evidence from
patterns in rock formations and fossils in rock layers for changes in a landscape over time to support an explanation for changes in a landscape over time. Make observations and/
or measurements to provide evidence of the eects of weathering or the rate of erosion by water, ice, wind, or vegetation.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students gather information about scientic processes (e.g., from teacher demonstrations, computer programs, or videos) and
demonstrate how the surface of the earth has changed over time as part of a long-term project on earth history.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency ANALYZE the results of change over time due to processes aecting earth materials.
LISTENING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Match processes or events
with their eects on earth
materials based on oral
descriptions using photos,
illustrations, or videos with
a partner in L1 or L2
Identify and sort the eect
of processes or events on
earth materials based on
oral descriptions using
photos, illustrations, or
videos with a partner in L1
or L2
Categorize the eects of
processes or events on earth
materials based on oral
descriptions using photos,
illustrations, or videos and
graphic organizers with a
partner
Distinguish between eects
of processes or events on
earth materials based on
oral descriptions using
photos, illustrations,
or videos and graphic
organizers
Interpret the eects of
processes or events on
earth materials using videos
based on grade-level oral
discourse
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: weather v. weathering, erosion,
breaks down rocks
ELD STANDARD 4: The Language of Science
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Earth history/materials
When addressing a whole class, it may not always be possible to adjust language
to each student’s listening prociency level. For example, students at all levels of
language prociency can learn from videos or other presentations when given
adequate support, and this expanded strand models how a teacher might scaold
the use of such audiovisual materials. In this expanded strand, it is assumed that
educators would select which level of language discourse to use based on the range
of language prociency proles of students in the classroom. In other words, if
the class has several beginning ELLs, the educator would follow the linguistic and
supporting features shown next to Linguistic Complexity for levels 1–3. On the
other hand, if the class consists of primarily non-ELLs and some ELLs who are
nearing exit from language support programs, the levels 3–5 example is the most
logical model to follow. Many classes will fall somewhere in the middle or consist of
a full range of prociency levels. In such cases, the use of instructional assistants or
co-teachers allows grouping of students so that they are given appropriate support.
Note how the content presented does not vary from level to level, but the support
and language input does.
EXPANDED STRANDS
29
Example Language Features
Levels 1–3 Levels 2–4 Levels 3–5
Level 6 – Reaching
Linguistic
Complexity
Discourse
Dimension
Look at this photo. It shows erosion. Did
you see erosion in the video? (teacher waits for
students to respond). Yes? What examples did
you see in the video? (students provide examples
like tornados or rain and the teacher repeats each
example while pointing at the corresponding
pictures). Erosion is when water—like rain
(teacher shows picture of a storm)—or wind
(shows picture of a tornado)—removes dirt
and rock (touches realia or photos including
dirt and rock). Weathering also breaks rocks
(breaks apart realia or shows broken rocks). We
talked about weathering yesterday (points to
an illustrated poster about weathering). But it is
dierent. See? Weathering does not move the
rocks; erosion moves the rocks (moves rocks).
Look at this (indicates graphic organizer).
When I talk about a picture, decide with your
partner if the picture shows erosion (points to
illustrated denition) or weathering (points to
illustrated denition). Tell me why. You can
use English or your home language.
We watched a video about erosion. Erosion
is when wind, even tornadoes, or water from
storms or oods removes earth materials.
How did you know it was erosion? (teacher
paraphrases responses). Weathering is dierent.
It breaks rocks (shows broken rocks), but it
does not move earth materials. Now, I will
describe more pictures. Decide with your
partner if the picture is an example of erosion
(points to illustrated denition) or weathering
(points to illustrated denition) and if it is a
fast or slow process. You need to tell me why.
Did you notice examples of erosion in
the video we just watched? Remember
that erosion occurs when earth materials
are removed by natural phenomena like
wind and water. What are some ways that
wind and water cause erosion? (students
provide examples like tornados, storms, etc.,
with prompting using pictures if necessary).
Good. Now remember, weathering is a
bit dierent, isn’t it? Weathering is like
erosion because it breaks down rocks, but
weathering doesn’t move any materials. Now,
I am going to describe a situation related
to either weathering or erosion. Be ready to
explain what has happened and why, okay?
Remember to give reasons.
Language
Forms &
Conventions
Sentence
Dimension
Erosion removes materials.
Weathering does not move materials.
It breaks rocks, but it does not move earth
materials.
Weathering is like erosion because it breaks
up rocks, but...
Vocabulary
Usage
Word/Phrase
Dimension
rocks move wind
dirt remove rain
earth materials
tornado
storm
ood
natural phenomena
occurs
cause (verb)
CONNECTION: Next Generation Science Standards, Earth and Space Sciences, Earth’s Systems: Processes that Shape the Earth ESS1-1, ESS2-1 (Grade 4): Identify evidence from
patterns in rock formations and fossils in rock layers for changes in a landscape over time to support an explanation for changes in a landscape over time. Make observations and/
or measurements to provide evidence of the eects of weathering or the rate of erosion by water, ice, wind, or vegetation.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students gather information about scientic processes (e.g., from teacher demonstrations, computer programs, or videos) and
demonstrate how the surface of the earth has changed over time as part of a long-term project on earth history.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency ANALYZE the results of change over time due to processes aecting earth materials.
LISTENING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Match processes or events
with their eects on earth
materials based on oral
descriptions using photos,
illustrations, or videos with
a partner in L1 or L2
Identify and sort the eect
of processes or events on
earth materials based on
oral descriptions using
photos, illustrations, or
videos with a partner in L1
or L2
Categorize the eects of
processes or events on earth
materials based on oral
descriptions using photos,
illustrations, or videos and
graphic organizers with a
partner
Distinguish between eects
of processes or events on
earth materials based on
oral descriptions using
photos, illustrations,
or videos and graphic
organizers
Interpret the eects of
processes or events on
earth materials using videos
based on grade-level oral
discourse
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: weather v. weathering, erosion,
breaks down rocks
EXPANDED STRANDS
30
GRADE 5
CONNECTION: Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts, Speaking and Listening, Presentation of Knowledge & Ideas #4–5 (Grade 5): Report on a topic or text,
tell a story, or recount an experience in an organized manner, using appropriate facts and relevant, descriptive details to support main ideas or themes; speak clearly at an
understandable pace; Add audio recordings and visual displays to presentations when appropriate to enhance the development of main ideas or themes.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students collaborate in providing coaching or feedback to peers on their oral presentations using class-created rubrics.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency EVALUATE their classmates’ presentations and give oral feedback.
SPEAKING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
State ratings of peers’
presentations using simple
illustrated sentence frames
and word banks
Describe ratings of peers’
presentations using
illustrated sentence frames
Discuss ratings of peers’
presentations and suggest
improvements using
sentence frames
Explain ratings of peers’
presentations with evidence
and suggest improvements
using sentence frames
Justify ratings of peers’
presentations with evidence
and suggest improvements
using rubrics
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: rubric, use of voice, pace,
visual aids, message
ELD STANDARD 1: Social & Instructional Language
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Peer assessment
e expanded strand for fth grade represents an opportunity for students to
practice their oral skills while at the same time learning about the features of a clear,
strong presentation. is includes strategies in support of language development
that are also good for all students, such as the use of sentence frames, templates,
and visuals. e examples given suggest that while all students can be practicing
with the same content, the quantity of language they are able to produce as well
as the sophistication of their oral discourse, including vocabulary, forms, and
conventions, will vary across levels. e underlining in the forms and conventions
row draws attention to some possibilities for linguistic features that could be
practiced, such as tenses, pluralization, adverbs, and others. Please remember, this
is an example but the particular areas of focus and their order should be adjusted to
meet students’ needs and correspond with your curricular goals.
EXPANDED STRANDS
31
Example Language Features
Levels 1–3 Levels 2–4 Levels 3–5
Level 6 – Reaching
Linguistic
Complexity
Discourse
Dimension
I learned about bears.
I can hear you.
You talk fast.
I liked your pictures.
Good job on your presentation. I liked
when you told us about the koala’s diet. Your
photos helped me understand. Don’t read
your notes so much. You speak in a clear
voice.
Your presentation showed you know a lot
about the topic. Your map about dierent
food sources was interesting. You spoke with
a very clear voice but sometimes you spoke
too quickly or too softly. I suggest you slow
down and talk a little louder. Next time, I
recommend you look up at your audience.
Language
Forms &
Conventions
Sentence
Dimension
you ➞ your
pictures
learn ➞ learned
like ➞ liked
I liked when (what/how/that) very clear
too quickly
quickly
softly
Next time,
Vocabulary
Usage
Word/Phrase
Dimension
learned about
hear
talk
fast/slow
pictures
presentation
notes
so much
speak
clear voice
topic
I suggest you…
I recommend…
audience
EXPANDED STRANDS
32
GRADE 6
CONNECTION: Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Ratios and Proportional Relationships #3 (Grade 6): Use ratio and rate reasoning to solve real-world and
mathematical problems… b. Solve unit rate problems including those involving unit pricing and constant speed… c. Find a percent of a quantity as a rate per 100 (e.g., 30%
of a quantity means 30/100 times the quantity); solve problems involving nding the whole, given a part and the percent. d. Use ratio reasoning to convert measurement units;
manipulate and transform units appropriately when multiplying or dividing quantities.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students justify their decisions in real-life scenarios (e.g., choosing items to buy based on discounts and local tax, determining
miles per gallon for dierent models of cars, or selecting players for a fantasy team based on sports average).
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency EVALUATE their options and make choices.
WRITING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
List choices based on rate
calculations in real-life
situations using templates
and word banks with a
partner
Describe choices based on
rate calculations in real-life
situations using templates
and word banks with a
partner
Compare choices based on
rate calculations in real-life
situations using graphic
organizers with a partner
Explain choices based on
rate calculations in real-life
situations using charts with
partners
Elaborate on choices based
on rate calculations in real-
life situations with partners
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: sales tax, discount, percentage,
ratio, proportion
ELD STANDARD 3: The Language of Mathematics
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Ratio & rate
is expanded strand showcases an opportunity for students to hone their writing
skills within Standard 3, the Language of Mathematics. Students at all levels of
language prociency are asked to evaluate, a demanding cognitive function, and
they must justify their decisions based on computation and reasoning. e example
topic of ratio and rate can be made relevant for students using a variety of real-life
applications, as shown in the example context for language use. Educators should
be mindful of some of the specic and technical language that can be present in
such specialized topics as taxes, cars, and sports, and make a point to teach it to
students explicitly. ELLs can be more successful when provided linguistic supports.
In levels 1 and 2 of this strand, students are supported by the use of a template.
In the row for Linguistic Complexity, students’ writing is underlined to show that
they have lled in blanks with words, phrases, and simple sentences, while the
template provided by their teacher is shown in italicized text. At the higher levels of
language prociency, students can draft all text independently using the support of
graphic organizers that remind them of comparative and explanatory language.
EXPANDED STRANDS
33
Example Language Features
Levels 1–3 Levels 2–4 Levels 3–5
Level 6 – Reaching
Linguistic
Complexity
Discourse
Dimension
Selection: We chose the computer.
Price: It costs $750.
Discount: Today it is 15%.
Reason: e price is cheap.
ere are many phones. We selected the
smart phone. Some phones are cheaper, but
the smart phone can do more. e price was
$400 plus tax. It was on sale for 15% o.
We had a choice of buying a tablet or a
smart phone. We looked for a good deal.
We selected the tablet because it was the
best value at the discounted rate. It had a
greater percentage o. e price of the tablet,
including the 20% discount and sales tax,
was $495. e nal price of the smart phone
was $340 after taking 10% o.
Language
Forms &
Conventions
Sentence
Dimension
choose ➞ chose
cost ➞ costs
cheap ➞ cheaper
expensive ➞ more expensive
Some phones are cheaper, but…
on sale
15% o
e price of the tablet, including the 20%
discount and sales tax, was $495.
after taking
Vocabulary
Usage
Word/Phrase
Dimension
costs
discount
price
cheap/expensive
plus tax
on sale
a good deal
best value
discounted rate
percentage o
nal price
CONNECTION: Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Ratios and Proportional Relationships #3 (Grade 6): Use ratio and rate reasoning to solve real-world and
mathematical problems… b. Solve unit rate problems including those involving unit pricing and constant speed… c. Find a percent of a quantity as a rate per 100 (e.g., 30%
of a quantity means 30/100 times the quantity); solve problems involving nding the whole, given a part and the percent. d. Use ratio reasoning to convert measurement units;
manipulate and transform units appropriately when multiplying or dividing quantities.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students justify their decisions in real-life scenarios (e.g., choosing items to buy based on discounts and local tax, determining
miles per gallon for dierent models of cars, or selecting players for a fantasy team based on sports average).
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency EVALUATE their options and make choices.
WRITING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
List choices based on rate
calculations in real-life
situations using templates
and word banks with a
partner
Describe choices based on
rate calculations in real-life
situations using templates
and word banks with a
partner
Compare choices based on
rate calculations in real-life
situations using graphic
organizers with a partner
Explain choices based on
rate calculations in real-life
situations using charts with
partners
Elaborate on choices based
on rate calculations in real-
life situations with partners
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: sales tax, discount, percentage,
ratio, proportion
EXPANDED STRANDS
34
GRADE 7
CONNECTION: Common Core Reading Standards for Literacy in History/Social Studies, Integration of Knowledge & Ideas #7: Integrate visual information (e.g., in charts, graphs,
photographs, videos, or maps) with other information in print and digital texts.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students read informational texts and related websites about crops or agricultural products to interpret maps or create charts.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency ANALYZE the importance of agricultural resources to regional economies.
READING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Identify agricultural icons
using visual or graphic
support (e.g., on maps or
graphs)
Locate resources or
agricultural products using
visual or graphic support
Distinguish among
resources or agricultural
products using visual or
graphic support
Find patterns associated
with resources or
agricultural products using
visual or graphic support
Draw conclusions about
resources or agricultural
products on maps or
graphs from grade-level text
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: renewable, non-renewable,
resource allocation
ELD STANDARD 5: The Language of Social Studies
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Agriculture
In the expanded strand that follows, students engage in analytical reading of print
or digital texts to support their interpretation and ultimately, creation of charts
or maps about agriculture. In order for students at all levels to maintain the same
cognitive function of analyzing, educators need to ensure that students are asked to
dierentiate agricultural products from other resources such as mineral or human
resources. is example activity consists of many parts that are not all illustrated
here, including the use of the other language domains of speaking, listening,
and/or writing. Language activities are almost always integrated across multiple
domains in this way, and students are often asked to produce language to indicate
their reading comprehension. In other words, we can’t see whether students have
correctly identied language or drawn conclusions based on their reading unless
they show their learning in other ways. is expanded strand suggests that students
would read text like that which appears next to Linguistic Complexity, but then
might indicate their understanding by creating a unique chart or map. e rows
for Language Forms and Conventions and Vocabulary Usage suggest some possible
language learning opportunities to introduce and practice with students at each
level of language prociency. Such practice will enhance and expand students’
abilities to access content presented through written text.
EXPANDED STRANDS
35
Example Language Features
Levels 1–3 Levels 2–4 Levels 3–5
Level 6 – Reaching
Linguistic
Complexity
Discourse
Dimension
Rice is an important crop. It grows in the wet
at lands of China.
Bananas grow in the tropics.
Coee grows in countries with high
mountains that are near the equator, while
olives grow near warm seas. erefore,
coee is a major agricultural product of
Ecuador while olives are important to the
Mediterranean region.
Orange trees require the moist, nutrient-rich
soil of tropical climates. In contrast, wheat
prospers in cooler, arid climates with drier
soil. Notice how agricultural productivity
varies from region to region in Kenya.
One requirement of successful agricultural
production is selecting crops that are well-
suited to the climate and soil of the region.
Language
Forms &
Conventions
Sentence
Dimension
rice, coee, corn, v. olives, bananas, oranges
Rice grows…
Bananas grow…
Coee grows… while olives grow…
erefore,…
One requirement of successful agricultural
production is…
Vocabulary
Usage
Word/Phrase
Dimension
rice
coee
olives
wheat
orange trees
important crop
wet at lands
near the equator or
near warm seas
major
therefore
while
region
In contrast,
agricultural
productivity/production
moist, tropical climates
cooler, arid climates
well-suited
CONNECTION: Common Core Reading Standards for Literacy in History/Social Studies, Integration of Knowledge & Ideas #7: Integrate visual information (e.g., in charts, graphs,
photographs, videos, or maps) with other information in print and digital texts.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students read informational texts and related websites about crops or agricultural products to interpret maps or create charts.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency ANALYZE the importance of agricultural resources to regional economies.
READING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Identify agricultural icons
using visual or graphic
support (e.g., on maps or
graphs)
Locate resources or
agricultural products using
visual or graphic support
Distinguish among
resources or agricultural
products using visual or
graphic support
Find patterns associated
with resources or
agricultural products using
visual or graphic support
Draw conclusions about
resources or agricultural
products on maps or
graphs from grade-level text
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: renewable, non-renewable,
resource allocation
EXPANDED STRANDS
36
GRADE 8
CONNECTION: Common Core Reading Standards for Literature, Integration of Knowledge and Ideas #9 (Grade 8): Analyze how a modern work of ction draws on themes, patterns
of events, or character types from myths, traditional stories, or religious works such as the Bible, including describing how the material is rendered new.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students listen to class discussions about themes, patterns of events, or character types in a work of literature to make connections
to their own lives and/or familiar stories or myths from their own cultures.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency ANALYZE universal themes of literature.
LISTENING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Select illustrations depicting
literary characters,
themes, and plots based
on oral statements using
environmental print (e.g.,
posters about character
types and themes)
Select illustrations
depicting literary
characters, themes,
and plots based on
oral descriptions using
environmental print
Classify examples of
literary characters, themes,
and plots based on oral
descriptions with a partner
Find patterns related to
literary characters, themes,
and plots using graphic
organizers with a partner
Predict the evolution
of literary characters,
themes, and plots
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: universal theme, character
type, allegory, mythology, protagonist
ELD STANDARD 2: The Language of Language Arts
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Literature analysis
e 8th grade expanded strand assumes that students will listen to classroom
discussions about literature and will connect common themes across multiple
genres, including myths, traditional stories, or religious works. ELLs from diverse
backgrounds may oer tremendous richness to such discussions of universal themes,
as they may know dierent traditional stories and have unique life experiences
to relate to the literary works. In the domain of listening, they may exhibit their
listening comprehension in a variety of ways, as suggested in the model performance
indicators. Educators may rely on illustrations of common themes, events, or
character types across multiple units to increase students’ familiarity with these
concepts. Students may recreate, select, or manipulate these illustrations to engage
in a variety of activities. However, illustrations are just one way to support students’
listening. Other graphic, sensory, and interactive supports may be equally valuable.
e complexity of sentences that students can process increases across three tiered
levels. Dierent forms, conventions, and vocabulary can be introduced through
dierent activities as part of the lesson on literature. Listening will serve as a scaold
for many students who can use it as a foundation for building their productive skills
of speaking and writing.
EXPANDED STRANDS
37
Example Language Features
Levels 1–3 Levels 2–4 Levels 3–5
Level 6 – Reaching
Linguistic
Complexity
Discourse
Dimension
e main character, Loretta, is a heroine.
She is not afraid of dragons. She is like the
warrior from the other story we read.
In general, Loretta is a strong character. She
is both faithful and fearless. She never leaves
Sandra’s side. Additionally, Loretta challenges
the dragon in the magical forest. is is
dierent from how the warrior abandons his
horse in the scene of battle.
Obviously, Loretta represents the heroine
of the tale. She not only defeats wicked
monsters throughout the story, but she also
proves herself as a loyal friend. rough
overcoming numerous obstacles, she
conquers her fears and realizes her own
strength. What if Loretta met the warrior
from the ancient myth? Would she criticize
his actions? Could she oer him some advice?
Language
Forms &
Conventions
Sentence
Dimension
e main character, Loretta,
she is v. she is not
In general,
both ____ and ____
For instance,…
never
Additionally,
dierent from how
Obviously,
not only…but also
rough overcoming numerous obstacles,
she…
What would…
Could…
Vocabulary
Usage
Word/Phrase
Dimension
main character
hero/heroine
afraid
dragon
warrior
other story
strong character
faithful
fearless
____’s side
challenges
magical
abandons
scene of battle
represents
defeats
loyal friend
overcoming obstacles
conquers
realizes her own strength
serve
ancient myth
criticize
oer some advice
CONNECTION: Common Core Reading Standards for Literature, Integration of Knowledge and Ideas #9 (Grade 8): Analyze how a modern work of ction draws on themes, patterns
of events, or character types from myths, traditional stories, or religious works such as the Bible, including describing how the material is rendered new.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students listen to class discussions about themes, patterns of events, or character types in a work of literature to make connections
to their own lives and/or familiar stories or myths from their own cultures.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency ANALYZE universal themes of literature.
LISTENING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Select illustrations depicting
literary characters,
themes, and plots based
on oral statements using
environmental print (e.g.,
posters about character
types and themes)
Select illustrations
depicting literary
characters, themes,
and plots based on
oral descriptions using
environmental print
Classify examples of
literary characters, themes,
and plots based on oral
descriptions with a partner
Find patterns related to
literary characters, themes,
and plots using graphic
organizers with a partner
Predict the evolution
of literary characters,
themes, and plots
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: universal theme, character
type, allegory, mythology, protagonist
EXPANDED STRANDS
38
GRADES 910
CONNECTION: Next Generation Science Standards, Physical Sciences, Matter and its Interactions PS1-5 (High School): Apply scientic principles and evidence to provide an
explanation about the eects of changing the temperature or concentration of the reacting particles on the rate at which a reaction occurs.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students will discuss the design of an experiment (e.g., reaction rate of photosynthesis) to test the eect of modifying a variable.
Groups will perform the experiment and discuss their observations on the impact of the specic variable. Finally, they will give a formal presentation on the results.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency ANALYZE the eect of modifying a variable in an experiment.
SPEAKING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Describe the eects of
modifying a variable using
illustrated word banks in
small groups
Give examples of the eects
of modifying a variable
using illustrated word
banks and sentence frames
in small groups
Explain the eects of
modifying a variable
using sentence frames and
graphic organizers in small
groups
Discuss the eects of
modifying a variable
using sentence frames and
graphic organizers in small
groups
Report on the eects of
modifying a variable in
small groups
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: dependent and independent
variables, control and experimental groups, quantitative and qualitative data
ELD STANDARD 4: The Language of Science
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Dependent & independent variables
e following expanded strand is focused on a productive domain (speaking). Five
examples are given of how students will gain prociency as they progress through the
levels. e progression starts at level 1 where students will combine new vocabulary
with set phrases such as “stayed the same” to describe their experiment. At level 2,
they might use repetitive sentence frames to tell about the dierent outcomes of
experimentation. At levels 3–5, teachers should gradually increase the complexity of
sentence frames provided and allow students ample time to practice with them prior
to giving a nal report to the class. Graphic support such as a process map will also
support students’ ability to recount the experiment’s results orally. e passive voice,
a hallmark of scientic language, can be rehearsed with all students, including ELLs
at the upper levels of language prociency. All students will benet from enhanced
awareness of the most common features of language pertaining to science.
EXPANDED STRANDS
39
Example Language Features
Levels 1–3 Levels 2–4 Levels 3–5
Level 6 – Reaching
Linguistic
Complexity
Discourse
Dimension
Illustrated word bank:
independent variable
dependent variable
water
CO Carbon dioxide
stayed the same
changed
e independent variable was carbon dioxide.
We changed the amount of CO each time.
We saw the reaction slow down with less
carbon dioxide and it did not occur without
carbon dioxide.
In our experiment, varying the amounts of
carbon dioxide impacted the reaction. First,
we dissolved sodium bicarbonate in water
to release CO, our independent variable.
We knew how much CO to use in the
experiment because we had the chemical
equation for photosynthesis. Decreasing the
amount of CO in the experimental groups
slowed down the reaction rate. Removing the
carbon dioxide resulted in no reaction.
Language
Forms &
Conventions
Sentence
Dimension
stayed the same
changed
We saw… with…and it…
varying…
decreasing…
removing…
Vocabulary
Usage
Word/Phrase
Dimension
stayed the same/changed
same/dierent
slow/fast
changed
reaction
each time
without
impact
dissolve
release
chemical equation
photosynthesis
resulted in
CONNECTION: Next Generation Science Standards, Physical Sciences, Matter and its Interactions PS1-5 (High School): Apply scientic principles and evidence to provide an
explanation about the eects of changing the temperature or concentration of the reacting particles on the rate at which a reaction occurs.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students will discuss the design of an experiment (e.g., reaction rate of photosynthesis) to test the eect of modifying a variable.
Groups will perform the experiment and discuss their observations on the impact of the specic variable. Finally, they will give a formal presentation on the results.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency ANALYZE the eect of modifying a variable in an experiment.
SPEAKING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Describe the eects of
modifying a variable using
illustrated word banks in
small groups
Give examples of the eects
of modifying a variable
using illustrated word
banks and sentence frames
in small groups
Explain the eects of
modifying a variable
using sentence frames and
graphic organizers in small
groups
Discuss the eects of
modifying a variable
using sentence frames and
graphic organizers in small
groups
Report on the eects of
modifying a variable in
small groups
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: dependent and independent
variables, control and experimental groups, quantitative and qualitative data
EXPANDED STRANDS
40
GRADES 1112
CONNECTION: Common Core Reading Standards for Informational Texts, Integration of Knowledge & Ideas #7: Integrate and evaluate multiple sources of information presented in
dierent media or formats (e.g., visually, quantitatively) as well as in words in order to address a question or solve a problem.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students review college or career marketing materials (e.g., print or online) according to personal preferences (e.g., aordability,
location, time commitment, requirements, interest) to make informed decisions on post-secondary options.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency EVALUATE post-secondary options.
READING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Sort information on post-
secondary options from
multiple sources with visual
support with a partner
Identify important
information (e.g., by
highlighting) on post-
secondary options from
multiple sources with visual
support with a partner
Categorize (e.g., best,
maybe, unlikely) post-
secondary options from
multiple sources using
illustrated graphic
organizers
Make judgments about
post-secondary options
from multiple sources
using illustrated graphic
organizers (e.g., checklists
of types of evidence)
Draw conclusions on post-
secondary options from
claims in multiple sources
of information
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: priorities, vocation/trade,
merit scholarship, cost of living, room and board, professional reference, résumé-building
ELD STANDARD 1: Social & Instructional Language
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Informed decisions (college & career)
is expanded strand is focused on the receptive language domain of reading.
erefore, the language functions (sort, identify, categorize, make judgments, and
draw conclusions) require students to do something to show their ability to process
the language they read. As you examine the example expectations associated with
the three criteria from the Performance Denitions, please note that the Linguistic
Complexity section showcases the type of language students would be reading
from college or career marketing materials, not language that they themselves
would produce. Since it is important for each student to work with authentic
materials, the quantity of language each student will process is greater than what we
typically associate with the beginning levels of language prociency (levels 1 and 2).
However, this example shows how educators can select sections of those materials
that are appropriate for students at each level and oer support (such as visuals and
partner work) to allow them to access it. In this example, some of the language
functions such as identication via highlighting (level 2) and the use of category
headings (level 3) are incorporated within the row for Linguistic Complexity. At the
highest levels, students need to process all language shown in order to successfully
make judgments and draw conclusions. e vocabulary associated with this example
topic is relevant to students’ lives in school and beyond.
EXPANDED STRANDS
41
Example Language Features
Levels 1–3 Levels 2–4 Levels 3–5
Level 6 – Reaching
Linguistic
Complexity
Discourse
Dimension
Mechanics
Individuals who enjoy working with tools
and their hands may be interested in work
as a mechanic. Today, mechanics often use
computer diagnostic equipment to nd
and x problems, so mechanics also need to
keep up with changes in technology. Most
mechanics specialize in at least one area such
as automotive, aircraft, small engine, or
industrial machinery. Mechanics generally
have a love for machines, but many also
like customer service and feel a sense of
accomplishment from helping people.
Pre-law
Are you driven to earn top grades? Can you
picture yourself as an intern in a law oce?
Are you committed to studying for the LSAT?
Since pre-law is rarely oered as a major, a
pre-law advising program will help you stay
on track as you prepare for law school. It
helps to be a good communicator and you’ll
be more likely to succeed in law school if you
are an analytical thinker who enjoys problem
solving. ough many pre-law students
choose majors like English or political science,
you can major in anything at all!
Nursing Aides
Nursing aides’ responsibilities range from
taking patients’ temperatures to leading a
group card game. If you are attracted to the
virtues of nursing but not the time it takes to
become an RN, a nursing aide position may
be right for you. Aides can work days, nights,
and/or weekends, and some jobs require use
of your own transportation.
CONNECTION: Common Core Reading Standards for Informational Texts, Integration of Knowledge & Ideas #7: Integrate and evaluate multiple sources of information presented in
dierent media or formats (e.g., visually, quantitatively) as well as in words in order to address a question or solve a problem.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students review college or career marketing materials (e.g., print or online) according to personal preferences (e.g., aordability,
location, time commitment, requirements, interest) to make informed decisions on post-secondary options.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency EVALUATE post-secondary options.
READING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Sort information on post-
secondary options from
multiple sources with visual
support with a partner
Identify important
information (e.g., by
highlighting) on post-
secondary options from
multiple sources with visual
support with a partner
Categorize (e.g., best,
maybe, unlikely) post-
secondary options from
multiple sources using
illustrated graphic
organizers
Make judgments about
post-secondary options
from multiple sources
using illustrated graphic
organizers (e.g., checklists
of types of evidence)
Draw conclusions on post-
secondary options from
claims in multiple sources
of information
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: priorities, vocation/trade,
merit scholarship, cost of living, room and board, professional reference, résumé-building
e University: Quick Facts
• Founded in 1910
• 27,000 students from 41 states and 60
countries
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• Named “Best Value U” by Ratings
Magazine for 3 straight years
Residential Life
First- and second-year students reside in
campus housing. Living opportunities
include 12 residence halls, 35 theme houses,
and nine apartment complexes.
Scholarships and Financial Aid
• More than $150 million in scholarships and
nancial aid each year
• Awarded for need, merit, and/or talent
Majors
Accounting, Anthropology, Art,
Biochemistry, Biology, Business…
Visit Campus
e best way to decide if the University is
right for you is by visiting campus. Schedule
your visit at university.edu/admission or call
1-800-I-VISIT-U.
Best, Close, Interesting:
e Creative Institutes
is system of schools oers real-world
education in the areas of culinary arts,
fashion, lm, graphic design, and more. With
over 50 schools in 30 states, you can earn an
associate degree or technical diploma in one
of these subjects at a campus near you!
Maybe, Close, Aordable:
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For over 15 years, Convenient College has
oered aordable student-centered, quality,
career-focused education. Our online
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degrees tailored to meet your personal needs
at a pace that is right for you. Possessing
current experience in business, criminal
justice, health care, and psychology, our
faculty is here for you. At Convenient
College, you will nd a warm, friendly
community with small class sizes and sta
dedicated to your advancement.
Unlikely but interesting:
Teacher College
Our Early Childhood program combines
hands-on eld work with academic
coursework. Success depends on a caring
attitude, exibility, dependability, and strong
communications skills. If this sounds like a t
for you, the time is right to apply!
42
EXPANDED STRANDS
Example Language Features
Levels 1–3 Levels 2–4 Levels 3–5
Level 6 – Reaching
Language
Forms &
Conventions
Sentence
Dimension
founded in…
located in…
named a…
With over 50 schools in 30 states,
For over 15 years,
tailored to
combines ____ with ____
such as…
range from _____ to _____
If…
An RN
Vocabulary
Usage
Word/Phrase
Dimension
University
residence hall
nancial aid
major
campus
real-world education
aordable
student-centered
career-focused
meet your needs
pace
warm community
advancement
exibility
dependability
strong communication skills
the time is right
keep up with
specialize
picture yourself
advising program
stay on track
analytical thinker
problem solving
anything at all
virtues
43
Example Language Features
Levels 1–3 Levels 2–4 Levels 3–5
Level 6 – Reaching
Language
Forms &
Conventions
Sentence
Dimension
founded in…
located in…
named a…
With over 50 schools in 30 states,
For over 15 years,
tailored to
combines ____ with ____
such as…
range from _____ to _____
If…
An RN
Vocabulary
Usage
Word/Phrase
Dimension
University
residence hall
nancial aid
major
campus
real-world education
aordable
student-centered
career-focused
meet your needs
pace
warm community
advancement
exibility
dependability
strong communication skills
the time is right
keep up with
specialize
picture yourself
advising program
stay on track
analytical thinker
problem solving
anything at all
virtues
The strands in Section 4 do not replace the strands presented in the 2007
Edition of WIDA’s standards but instead includes an additional resource for
educators working with English language learners in a variety of contexts.
The current framework includes strands for individual grade levels so that
the strands can be connected to grade-level content standards. However,
educators are encouraged to review strands across multiple grade
levels to gain a fuller picture of the various pathways to language
development for their students.
SECTION 4: Strands by Grade Level
Six strands per grade level illustrate language development within each
of the ve WIDA ELD Standards and across all language domains,
plus a complementary strand supports language learning within music
education, performing arts, the humanities, visual arts, health, physical
education, technology, and engineering
Strands of Model Performance
Indicators Representing the WIDA
English Language Development
Standards
KINDERGARTEN
44
CONNECTION: Common Core Speaking and Listening Standards #3 (Kindergarten): Participate in collaborative conversations with diverse partners about Kindergarten topics and
texts with peers and adults in small and larger groups.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students give visitors (e.g., family members) a classroom tour and tell how students work collaboratively in groups or centers.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency REMEMBER how to work collaboratively with their peers.
SPEAKING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Repeat and respond to
chants about working
collaboratively in small
groups or centers (e.g.,
call and response) using
gestures
Produce simple
statements about working
collaboratively in small
groups or centers using
oral sentence starters and
models
Produce statements about
working collaboratively
in small groups or centers
using oral sentence starters
and models
Tell about working
collaboratively in small
groups or centers using
models
Elaborate on working
collaboratively in small
groups or centers using
models
TOPICRELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: taking turns, cooperation,
job, today, tomorrow
ELD STANDARD 1: Social & Instructional Language
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Classroom collaboration
See expanded
version of this strand
on pp. 20–21
KINDERGARTEN
45
ELD STANDARD 2: The Language of Language Arts
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Features of print
CONNECTION: Common Core Reading Standards: Foundational Skills #1 (Kindergarten): Demonstrate understanding of the organization and basic features of print; a. Follow
words from left to right, top to bottom, and page by page, b. Recognize that spoken words are represented in written language by specic sequences of letters, c. Understand that
words are separated by spaces in print.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students explore features of print in a variety of books with unique topics, formatting, and styles.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency REMEMBER features of print.
LISTENING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Identify features of print in
response to one-step oral
commands and following a
model (e.g., “Show me the
title.”)
Identify features of print
in response to questions
involving a choice and
following a model (e.g., “Is
this the title or is this the
title? Show me the title.”)
Identify features of print in
response to Wh- questions
by pointing and following
a model (e.g., “Who wrote
this book? Show me the
author.”)
Identify features of print in
response to expanded Wh-
questions by pointing and
following a model (e.g.,
“Where do you nd the
author’s name on the title
page? Show me where you
nd it.”)
Identify features of print
in response to expanded
multi-step oral instructions
and following a model
(e.g., “Find the author’s
rst and last name and
then show me the upper
case letters.”)
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: title, turn the page, front/back
cover, left to right, author, illustrator, rst name, last name, spaces, lower/upper case letters
KINDERGARTEN
46
CONNECTION: Common Core Standards for Mathematics, Measurement and Data #1–2 (Kindergarten): Describe measurable attributes of objects, such as length or weight.
Describe several measurable attributes of a single object.; Directly compare two objects with a measurable attribute in common, to see which object has “more of”/“less of” the
attribute, and describe the dierence. For example, directly compare the heights of two children and describe one child as taller/shorter.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students talk with classmates about real objects at a math center and sort them according to attributes.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency ANALYZE the attributes of objects.
SPEAKING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Indicate attributes of
objects (e.g., “big,” “small”)
using gestures and words in
small groups
Describe attributes of
objects (e.g., “a small ball,”
“a big ball”) using gestures
and words in small groups
Describe in detail attributes
of objects (e.g., “the smaller
ball”) in small groups
Compare attributes of
objects (e.g., “is is the
biggest ball.”) in small
groups
Specify similarities and
dierences in attributes of
objects (e.g., “e chalk
and the crayon are short.
e pencil is longer.”) in
small groups
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: bigger, smaller, heavier, lighter,
longer/taller, shorter
ELD STANDARD 3: The Language of Mathematics
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Attributes of objects
KINDERGARTEN
47
CONNECTION: Next Generation Science Standards, Structures and Processes K-LS1-1: Use observations to describe patterns of what plants and animals (including humans) need to
survive.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Following an interactive/shared reading experience on an informational book about body parts and their functions, students will
examine the book with a partner.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency UNDERSTAND the functions of body parts and senses.
READING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Associate pictures with
modeled language about
body parts and their
functions with a partner
Find words or icons related
to body parts and their
functions in books with a
partner
Match labeled pictures
with body parts and their
functions with a partner
Sort illustrated text about
body parts and their
functions using graphic
organizers (e.g., T-charts)
with a partner
Locate language about
body parts and their
functions in illustrated
texts
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: senses, see, smell, taste, touch,
hear, human body, body part
ELD STANDARD 4: The Language of Science
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Body parts & senses
KINDERGARTEN
48
CONNECTION: Alaska: Cultural Standards A: Culturally-knowledgeable students are well grounded in the cultural heritage and traditions of their community. 2) Recount their
own genealogy and family history.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students participate in a shared writing and then independently contribute to a classroom mural with “stories” about important
people in their lives who they consider part of their family.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency UNDERSTAND the structure of their family.
WRITING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Draw and label family
members using models and
illustrated word cards (e.g.,
“grandma”) in L1 or L2
Draw and label family
members using models and
illustrated word cards (e.g.,
“is is ____.”) in L1 or
L2
Draw and describe family
members using sentence
frames and illustrated word
cards (e.g., “is is ___. He
is ____.”)
Produce illustrated “stories”
about family members
using multiple related
sentence frames and
illustrated word cards (e.g.,
“is is ____. She is ____.
She ____ with me.”)
Produce illustrated “stories”
about family members
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: family, family tree, family
members
ELD STANDARD 5: The Language of Social Studies
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Self & family
KINDERGARTEN
49
CONNECTION: National Standards for Music Education #2 (K–4): Performing on instruments, alone and with others, a varied repertoire of music: Students echo short rhythms
and melodic patterns.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students follow directions from the teacher on how to move their body to re-create rhythms and musical patterns and form a
band using everyday classroom objects.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency UNDERSTAND rhythm.
LISTENING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Follow teacher-modeled
rhythms and musical
patterns based on gestures
and simple oral commands
with a partner
Follow teacher-modeled
rhythms and musical
patterns based on oral
commands with a partner
Follow peer-modeled
rhythms and musical
patterns based on oral
commands with a partner
Follow directions of lyrics
in songs with repeated
patterns about rhythmic
movement with a partner
Follow directions of lyrics
in songs about rhythmic
movement (e.g., “e
Wheels on the Bus”)
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: tap, clap, stomp, beat, rest
COMPLEMENTARY STRAND: The Language of Music & Performing Arts
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Rhythm
GRADE 1
50
CONNECTION: Common Core Standards for English Language Arts, Reading Standards for Informational Text, Craft and Structure, Integration of Knowledge and Ideas #6–7 (Grade
1): Distinguish between information provided by pictures or other illustrations and information provided by the words in a text. Use the illustrations and details in a text to
describe its key ideas.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students gather information from a variety of illustrated texts about recreational activities to share with peers.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency UNDERSTAND meaning in text.
READING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Identify icons from
illustrated texts related to
games or activities with a
partner
Identify labeled pictures
from illustrated texts
related to games or
activities with a partner
Identify key words in
illustrated texts related to
games or activities with a
partner
Identify key phrases in
illustrated texts related to
games or activities with a
partner
Identify short sentences in
illustrated texts related to
games or activities with a
partner
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: illustration, photo, fair
ELD STANDARD 1: Social & Instructional Language
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Recreational classroom activities
GRADE 1
51
CONNECTION: Common Core Writing Standards #1–3 (Grade 1): Write opinion pieces in which they introduce the topic or name the book they are writing about, state an
opinion, supply a reason for the opinion, and provide some sense of closure. Write informative/explanatory texts in which they name a topic, supply some facts about the topic,
and provide some sense of closure. Write narratives in which they recount two or more appropriately sequenced events, include some details regarding what happened, use
temporal words to signal event order, and provide some sense of closure.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Student authors produce illustrated texts incorporating elements of dierent text types based on prompts (e.g., for opinions, “My
favorite book is…”) to create displays for classroom or school events.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency CREATE original texts.
WRITING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Draw icons or symbols to
represent ideas and text
elements from models
Produce labeled
illustrations to represent
ideas and text elements
from models (e.g., “I like
the dog.”)
Provide details about ideas
and text elements from
models (e.g., “I like the
funny cat.”)
Connect ideas and text
elements from models (e.g.,
“e dog plays in the park.
I like the big park.”)
Compose stories
incorporating text elements
(e.g., “First, the dog plays
in the park. en, he sees
the cat. e dog and cat are
friends.”)
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: favorite, book report, title
ELD STANDARD 2: The Language of Language Arts
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Text elements
52
GRADE 1
CONNECTION: Common Core Standards for Mathematics, Measurement and Data #1 (Grade 1): Order three objects by length; compare the lengths of two objects indirectly by
using a third object.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students work independently or with a partner to create charts about the length of objects using standard and non-standard
measurement tools (e.g., paper clips, popsicle sticks, string, rulers, yard/meter sticks).
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency ANALYZE the relative length of objects.
LISTENING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Follow oral instructions to
identify lengths of objects
following a model with a
partner
Follow oral instructions to
categorize objects according
to their length following a
model with a partner
Follow oral instructions to
order objects according to
their lengths following a
model with a partner
Follow oral instructions
to compare the lengths of
objects using a template
with a partner
Follow multi-step oral
instructions to compare the
lengths of objects with a
partner
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: inches/centimeters, foot, yard/
meter, length, chart, standard, non-standard
ELD STANDARD 3: The Language of Mathematics
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Measurement of objects
See expanded
version of this strand
on pp. 22–23
53
GRADE 1
CONNECTION: National Science Education Standards, Physical Science Standards #B2 (Grades K–4): An object’s motion can be described by tracing and measuring its position
over time. e position and motion of objects can be changed by pushing or pulling. e size of the change is related to the strength of the push or pull.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Based on oral discourse, students use realia to design models for experiments on force and motion and discuss their plans in small
groups.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency CREATE experiments on force and motion.
LISTENING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Construct models to test
force and motion based
on simple oral commands
in small groups using L1
or L2
Construct models to test
force and motion based
on simple segmented
instructions in small groups
using L1 or L2 (e.g., “Get
the blocks. [Pause] Get the
ramp. [Pause] Put the ramp
on the blocks. [Pause] Put
the ramp higher to make it
move faster.”)
Construct models to test
force and motion based on
a series of oral statements
using illustrations in small
groups
Construct models to test
force and motion based
on oral discourse using
illustrations in small groups
Construct models to test
force and motion based
on extended oral discourse
with a partner (e.g., “How
can we move this ball?
Work together to design
a ramp that will move the
ball the length of three
desks. ink about what
materials you will need
and how you will put them
together.”)
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions such as: push, pull, force, motion,
change
ELD STANDARD 4: The Language of Science
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Force & motion
54
GRADE 1
CONNECTION: Common Core Standards Speaking and Listening Standards K–5 Comprehension and Collaboration #4 (Grade 1): Describe people, places, things, and events with
relevant details, expressing ideas and feelings clearly.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students participate in role-play activities (e.g., with costumes/puppets) involving dierent members of their community using
information from classroom guest speakers, eld trips, videos, stories, or posters.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency UNDERSTAND the roles of community members/workers.
SPEAKING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Name community workers
using word walls and realia
that represent their roles in
dierent settings
State the work of
community workers using
realia (e.g., “Fireghters
put out res.”)
Describe the work of
community workers using
realia (e.g., “Fireghters
ride a truck and use a hose
to ght res.”)
Describe in detail the
work of community
workers using realia (e.g.,
“Fireghters are brave and
work as a team to put out
res.”)
Discuss the work of
community workers using
realia (e.g., “e reghters
protect our community and
save lives. For example…”)
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: community, neighborhood,
safety
ELD STANDARD 5: The Language of Social Studies
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Neighborhoods/Communities
55
GRADE 1
CONNECTION: Alaska Standards for Culturally Responsive Students, B1, E4: Acquire insights from other cultures without diminishing the integrity of their own. Determine how
ideas and concepts from one knowledge system relate to those derived from other knowledge systems.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students interact with a variety of narrative and expository texts to select artifacts to include in exhibits representing
multiculturalism (e.g., heritage, language, family customs, religion).
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency ANALYZE the features of cultural artifacts.
READING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Sort cultural artifacts
according to their use based
on labeled illustrations
from texts in small groups
using L1 or L2
Sort cultural artifacts
according to their use based
on illustrated descriptive
labels from texts in small
groups using L1 or L2
Sort cultural artifacts
according to their use
based on sentences from
illustrated texts using
illustrated word walls in
small groups
Sort cultural artifacts
according to their use
based on information from
illustrated texts in small
groups
Sort cultural artifacts
according to their use
based on information from
multiple sources (e.g.,
stories, Internet)
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: tradition, culture, same,
dierent, respect
COMPLEMENTARY STRAND: The Language of the Humanities
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Multiculturalism
56
GRADE 2
CONNECTION: Common Core Speaking and Listening Standards #2 (Grade 2): Recount or describe key ideas or details from a text read aloud or information presented orally or
through other media.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students take photos on a tour of the school and create maps incorporating school areas, personnel, and activities based on oral
descriptions or text read aloud.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency ANALYZE oral directions.
LISTENING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Find school areas on maps
based on oral clues about
personnel or activities with
a partner
Place objects in school
areas on maps based on
oral clues about personnel
or activities with a partner
(e.g., “ere was a ag in
the corner.”)
Match school areas
on maps to personnel
and activities based on
descriptive oral clues with
a partner
Arrange school areas
on maps according to
descriptive oral clues
about personnel and
activities with a partner
(e.g., “Remember how we
could hear the musical
instruments next door
when we were in the
gym?”)
Distinguish among school
areas on maps based on
multi-step descriptive oral
clues about personnel or
activities with a partner
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: : Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: across from, down the hall,
in the corner, upstairs, custodian, second grade teacher, computer lab
ELD STANDARD 1: Social & Instructional Language
EXAMPLE TOPIC: School areas, personnel, & activities
57
GRADE 2
CONNECTION: Common Core Speaking and Listening Standards #4 (Grade 2): Tell a story or recount an experience with appropriate facts and relevant, descriptive details,
speaking audibly in coherent sentences.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students draw or make collages and then orally share stories with a beginning, middle, and end about events with their peers.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency APPLY elements of stories to original storytelling or experiential recounting.
SPEAKING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Point to and tell about
events in stories using
photos, illustrations, or
wordless picture books with
a partner (e.g., “ go to park,
play with friends”)
Describe parts of stories
(e.g., characters, settings)
using photos, illustrations,
or wordless picture books
with a partner
Retell stories including
main events, characters,
and settings using photos,
illustrations, or wordless
picture books with a
partner
Tell detailed stories using
photos, illustrations, or
wordless picture books with
a partner
Tell detailed stories with
creative word choice and
expression using photos,
illustrations, or wordless
picture books with a
partner
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: order, details, word choice
ELD STANDARD 2: The Language of Language Arts
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Storytelling/Experiential recounting
58
GRADE 2
CONNECTION: Common Core Standards for Mathematics, Measurement and Data #8 (Grade 2): Solve word problems involving dollar bills, quarters, dimes, nickels, and pennies,
using $ and ¢ symbols appropriately.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students act out real-life mathematics scenarios related to money (e.g., to make purchases in a classroom store).
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency will ANALYZE text of word problems.
READING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Match words and phrases
(e.g., “more than,” “less
than,” “take away”)
involving money and value
to operations (e.g., +, -)
using illustrated word cards
and realia with a partner
Find words and phrases
involving money and value
from illustrated text using
realia with a partner
Sequence sentences to
decide how to solve word
problems involving money
and value using realia with
a partner
Locate clues for solving
problems involving money
and value from simplied
text (e.g., written in
present tense with familiar
contexts) using realia with
a partner
Categorize word problems
(e.g., by addition or
subtraction) involving
money and value using
realia
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: total, enough, cost, change,
left over, solve
ELD STANDARD 3: The Language of Mathematics
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Money
59
GRADE 2
CONNECTION: Next Generation Science Standards, Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics 2-LS2-2: Develop a simple model that mimics the function of an animal in
dispersing seeds or pollinating plants.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students learn about the process of pollination in small groups to produce classroom posters.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency REMEMBER the changes in life cycles.
WRITING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Label drawings about the
process of pollination using
illustrated word banks (e.g.,
seed, sprout) and graphic
organizers
Produce simple sentences
about the process of
pollination using illustrated
word banks and graphic
organizers
Describe the process of
pollination using illustrated
word banks and graphic
organizers
Describe in detail the
process of pollination using
illustrations and graphic
organizers
Reproduce stories about
the process of pollination
using illustrations
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: life cycle, change into, stages
ELD STANDARD 4: The Language of Science
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Life cycles
60
GRADE 2
CONNECTION: Common Core Reading Standards for Informational Text, Key Ideas and Details #2 (Grade 2): Identify the main topic of a multi-paragraph text as well as the focus
of specic paragraphs within the text. 2. Describe the connection between a series of historical events, scientic ideas or concepts, or steps.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students research historical times and people using informational texts in preparation for creating a timeline poster.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency ANALYZE the connections between dierent historical times and people.
READING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Match pictures with
information about
historical times and people
from illustrated texts with
a partner
Identify important
information about
historical times and people
from illustrated texts with
a partner
Sort information about
historical times and people
from illustrated texts using
graphic organizers in small
groups
Sequence information
about historical times and
people from illustrated
texts using graphic
organizers in small groups
Connect information about
historical times and people
from illustrated texts using
graphic organizers (e.g.,
timelines)
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: historical times,
communication
ELD STANDARD 5: The Language of Social Studies
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Historical times & people
See expanded
version of this strand
on pp. 24–25
61
GRADE 2
CONNECTION: National Visual Arts Standard 2 (Grades K–4): Students know the dierences among visual characteristics and purposes of art in order to convey ideas. Students
describe how dierent expressive features and organizational principles cause dierent responses.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students, identifying themselves as artists, relate the visual characteristics of their art work to peers and communicate how the
visual attributes lend themselves to dierent ideas.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency ANALYZE visual characteristics of art forms.
SPEAKING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Point to and name visual
characteristics of models
of art forms using graphic
support (e.g., palette of
colors) with a partner
Categorize visual
characteristics of models
of art forms (e.g., shades
of color) using graphic
support with a partner
Describe variation in visual
characteristics of models
of art forms using graphic
support with a partner
Discuss variation in visual
characteristics of models
of art forms using graphic
support with a partner
Explain variation in visual
characteristics using
graphic support with a
partner
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: shades of color, mood, style
COMPLEMENTARY STRAND: The Language of Visual Arts
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Visual characteristics
62
GRADE 3
CONNECTION: Common Core Standards for Writing #8 (Grade 3): Recall information from experiences or gather information from print and digital sources; take brief notes on
sources and sort evidence into provided categories.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Prior to conducting research, students brainstorm/free write about topics or questions they want to investigate.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency REMEMBER personal and school experiences in selecting research topics.
WRITING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
List ideas on research topics
(e.g., sports and hobbies
for kids) using illustrated
graphic organizers in L1
or L2
Organize ideas on research
topics (e.g., popularity of
snow sports v. water sports)
using graphic organizers in
L1 or L2
State ideas related to
research topics following
a model using graphic
organizers
Elaborate ideas related to
research topics following
a model using graphic
organizers
Connect ideas related
to research topics using
graphic organizers
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: research topic, brainstorm
ELD STANDARD 1: Social & Instructional Language
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Research interests
63
GRADE 3
CONNECTION: Common Core Standards for Writing #5 (Grade 3): With guidance and support from peers and adults, develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning,
revising, and editing.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students provide feedback to peers in writing conferences to recognize key elements in strengthening narratives.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency EVALUATE writing.
WRITING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Supply words for sentences
about revising from models
Compose phrases and
simple sentences about
revising from models
Compose sentences about
revising from models
Suggest ideas for revising
using word banks
Provide detailed feedback
for revising
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: revise, redo, improve
ELD STANDARD 2: The Language of Language Arts
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Giving feedback for revision
See expanded
version of this strand
on pp. 26–27
64
GRADE 3
CONNECTION: Common Core Standards for Mathematics, Measurement and Data #5–6 (Grade 3): Recognize area as an attribute of plane gures and understand concepts of area
measurement... Measure areas by counting unit squares (square cm, square m, square in, square ft, and improvised units).
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students follow directions to arrange manipulatives into shapes representing specied areas (e.g., to create building oor plans or
plan a community garden).
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency CREATE oor plans or models.
LISTENING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Follow simple oral
commands to design area
maps using manipulatives
and illustrated examples
(e.g., “Make a square like
this.”) in small groups
Follow simple oral
directions to design area
maps using manipulatives
and illustrated examples in
small groups
Follow oral directions
to design area maps
using manipulatives and
illustrated examples in
small groups
Follow detailed oral
directions to design area
maps using manipulatives
in small groups (e.g., “e
area for beans needs to be
less than 12 square units.
Make the side less than 4
units long.”)
Follow complex oral
specications to design area
maps using manipulatives
in small groups (e.g., “e
total area of the garden
is 50 square units. Each
tomato plant requires 5
square units. Draw an area
for the tomatoes.”)
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: square unit, unit squares,
length, width, area
ELD STANDARD 3: The Language of Mathematics
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Area
65
GRADE 3
CONNECTION: Next Generation Science Standards, Physical Sciences, Forces and Interactions PS2-3, PS2-4 (Grade 3): Ask questions to determine cause and eect relationships
of electric or magnetic interactions between two objects not in contact with each other. Dene a simple design problem that can be solved by applying scientic ideas about
magnets.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students discuss their observations and draw conclusions about the outcomes of electricity and magnetism experiments in small
groups to practice designing their own experiments.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency ANALYZE experimental observations.
SPEAKING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
State reasons for
outcomes of experiments
on electricity using
illustrations or realia
and teacher guidance
(e.g., “electricity goes”,
“electricity stops” when
circuit is open or closed)
State reasons for
outcomes of experiments
on electricity using
illustrations or realia, oral
sentence starters, and
teacher guidance (e.g., “e
bulb turned on because...”,
“e balloons attracted/
repelled because…”)
Explain outcomes of
experiments on electricity
using illustrations and oral
sentence frames
Explain in detail
outcomes of experiments
on electricity using
illustrations or realia and
word/phrase banks
Explain in detail
outcomes of experiments
on electricity using
illustrations or realia
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: turn on, turn o, static
electricity, charge, attract, repel, open/closed circuit
ELD STANDARD 4: The Language of Science
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Electricity & magnets
66
GRADE 3GRADE 6GRADE 9
CONNECTION: National Standards for Civics and Government C–D (Grades K–4): Students should be able to explain why certain rights are important to the individual and to a
democratic society, such as personal, political, and economic rights. Students should be able to explain why certain responsibilities are important to themselves and their family,
community, state, and nation, such as personal and civic responsibilities.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students read informational texts about the rights and responsibilities of citizens, create visual representations of them, and
practice identifying them.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency UNDERSTAND citizens’ rights and responsibilities.
READING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Match labels to photos,
pictures, or icons
representing citizens’ rights
and responsibilities with a
partner in L1 or L2
Match descriptions to
photos, pictures, or icons
representing citizens’ rights
and responsibilities with a
partner in L1 or L2
Locate details related
to citizens’ rights and
responsibilities with a
partner using graphic
organizers
Distinguish among citizens’
rights and responsibilities
with a partner using
graphic organizers
Infer citizens’ rights and
responsibilities based on
texts
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: citizenship, individual rights
and responsibilities, duty, law and order
ELD STANDARD 5: The Language of Social Studies
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Civic participation
67
GRADE 3
CONNECTION: National Health Education Standards #1, Health Promotion and Disease Prevention (Grades K–4): Students will comprehend concepts related to health promotion
and disease prevention. Describe relationships between personal health behaviors and individual well being. Identify indicators of mental, emotional, social, and physical health
during childhood… Describe how the family inuences personal health. Describe how physical, social, and emotional environments inuence personal health.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students weigh options depicted in role plays (e.g., videos, performances, or text read aloud) in order to make healthy choices.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency EVALUATE dierent habits to decide if they are healthy or not.
LISTENING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Demonstrate or respond
non-verbally to language
associated with healthy
and unhealthy choices
from oral discourse using
pictures or gestures
Match language associated
with healthy and unhealthy
choices to examples
from oral discourse
using illustrated graphic
organizers
Identify language associated
with healthy and unhealthy
choices from oral discourse
using graphic organizers
Identify details related to
healthy and unhealthy
choices from oral discourse
using graphic organizers
Compare and contrast
healthy and unhealthy
choices from oral discourse
using graphic organizers
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: healthy/unhealthy choices,
behavior, consequences
COMPLEMENTARY STRAND: The Language of Health & Physical Education
EXAMPLE TOPIC:
Healthy choices
68
GRADE 4
CONNECTION: Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts, Speaking and Listening, Comprehension & Collaboration #1 (Grade 4): Engage eectively in a range of
collaborative discussions (one-on-one, in groups, and teacher-led) with diverse partners on grade 4 topics and texts, building on others’ ideas and expressing their own clearly.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students report information from interviews conducted in their community to class and share stories about local practices (e.g.,
oral histories or community/family networks).
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency UNDERSTAND community practices.
SPEAKING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Tell about community
practices using photographs
or realia and following a
model with a partner
Describe community
practices using photographs
or realia and following a
model with a partner
Recount information about
community practices using
photographs or realia and
following a model
Recount detailed
information about
community practices using
photographs or realia
Recount and reect
on information about
community practices using
photographs or realia
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: community practices,
interview, personal experiences
ELD STANDARD 1: Social & Instructional Language
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Community practices
69
GRADE 4
CONNECTION: Common Core State Reading Standards for Literature, Craft and Structure #6 (Grade 4): Compare and contrast the point of view from which dierent stories are
narrated, including the dierence between rst- and third-person narrations.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: After a whole group discovery activity exploring narrative points of view, students review example narrative texts to discover how
rst- and third-person narrations convey dierent perspectives.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency ANALYZE text features related to narrative points of view.
READING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Identify language that
indicates narrative points of
view (e.g., “I” v. “he/she”)
from illustrated text using
word/phrase banks with a
partner
Identify language that
indicates narrative points of
view (e.g., “he felt scared”)
from illustrated text using
word/phrase banks with a
partner
Categorize passages based
on narrative points of view
from illustrated text using
word/phrase banks with a
partner
Compare narrative points
of view in extended texts
using graphic organizers
with a partner
Compare and contrast
narrative points of view in
extended texts
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: narrate, narration, rst person,
third person
ELD STANDARD 2: The Language of Language Arts
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Narration
70
GRADE 4
CONNECTION: Common Core Standards for Mathematics, Geometry #1–2 (Grade 4): Draw points, lines, line segments, rays, angles (right, acute, obtuse), and perpendicular and
parallel lines. Identify these in two-dimensional gures. Classify two-dimensional gures based on the presence or absence of parallel or perpendicular lines, or the presence or
absence of angles of a specied size. Recognize right triangles as a category, and identify right triangles.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students build models or posters with photo displays specifying the lines and angles they nd in their school, home, or
community.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency APPLY their understanding of lines and angles to everyday situations.
WRITING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Label types of lines and
angles according to their
properties using realia and
graphic support
Dene types of lines and
angles according to their
properties using realia
and graphic support (e.g.,
“Obtuse > 90 degrees”)
Describe types of lines and
angles according to their
properties using realia and
graphic support
Compare and contrast
types of lines or angles
according to their
properties using realia and
graphic support
Explain types of lines and
angles according to their
properties using realia (e.g.,
“My desk has four right
angles on the top, which
are 90 degrees. Each leg
of the desk has two acute
angles of 55 degrees and
two obtuse angles of 125
degrees.”)
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: obtuse, acute, right or
90-degree angle, parallel and perpendicular lines, end points, rays, vertex, line segment
ELD STANDARD 3: The Language of Mathematics
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Lines & angles
71
GRADE 4
CONNECTION: Next Generation Science Standards, Earth and Space Sciences, Earth’s Systems: Processes that Shape the Earth ESS1-1, ESS2-1 (Grade 4): Identify evidence from
patterns in rock formations and fossils in rock layers for changes in a landscape over time to support an explanation for changes in a landscape over time. Make observations and/
or measurements to provide evidence of the eects of weathering or the rate of erosion by water, ice, wind, or vegetation.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students gather information about scientic processes (e.g., from teacher demonstrations, computer programs, or videos) and
demonstrate how the surface of the earth has changed over time as part of a long-term project on earth history.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency ANALYZE the results of change over time due to processes aecting earth materials.
LISTENING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Match processes or events
with their eects on earth
materials based on oral
descriptions using photos,
illustrations, or videos with
a partner in L1 or L2
Identify and sort the eect
of processes or events on
earth materials based on
oral descriptions using
photos, illustrations, or
videos with a partner in L1
or L2
Categorize the eects of
processes or events on earth
materials based on oral
descriptions using photos,
illustrations, or videos and
graphic organizers with a
partner
Distinguish between eects
of processes or events on
earth materials based on
oral descriptions using
photos, illustrations, or
videos
Interpret the eects of
processes or events on
earth materials using videos
based on grade-level oral
discourse
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: weather v. weathering, erosion,
breaks down rocks
ELD STANDARD 4: The Language of Science
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Earth history/materials
See expanded
version of this strand
on pp. 28–29
72
GRADE 4
CONNECTION: National Curriculum Standards for Social Studies, Standard 3: People, Places, and Environments #3a-d (Early Grades): Construct and use mental maps of locales,
regions, and the world that demonstrate understanding of relative location, direction, size, and shape; interpret, use, and distinguish various representations of the earth, such
as maps, globes, and photographs; use appropriate resources, data sources, and geographic tools such as atlases, data bases, grid systems, charts, graphs, and maps to generate,
manipulate, and interpret information; estimate distances and calculate scale.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students identify locations on a variety of maps (e.g., political maps, physical maps, time zone maps) by listening to a partner’s
descriptions to prepare for producing a historical travelogue from the point of view of an explorer, trader, or leader.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency APPLY understanding of map concepts and skills.
LISTENING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Follow routes on maps
based on segmented simple
oral commands using
illustrated word banks and
manipulatives (e.g., “Go
north two, [pause] east
one.”)
Follow routes on maps
based on simple oral
descriptions using
illustrated word banks and
manipulatives (e.g., “Freed
slaves went north.”)
Follow routes on maps
based on oral descriptions
using illustrated word
banks (e.g., “Florence
Nightingale traveled
southeast from London to
Crimea.”)
Follow routes on maps
based on detailed oral
descriptions using visual
supports (e.g., “Columbus
sailed southwest. His
rst stop was the Canary
Islands. en he continued
west to San Salvador.”)
Follow routes on maps
based on detailed oral
discourse (e.g., “e
starting point of the trade
route was in modern-
day Ghana. From there,
traders set out for a city
located at 30 degrees north
latitude and 30 degrees east
longitude. Which city is
it?”)
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: map key, compass rose,
cardinal directions, intermediate directions, map scale, equator, hemisphere, continent
ELD STANDARD 5: The Language of Social Studies
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Maps & globes/Locations
73
GRADE 4
CONNECTION: International Society for Technology in Education National Educational Technology Standards for Students, #4 (Technology Communication Tools): Students use
telecommunications to collaborate, publish, and interact with peers, experts, and other audiences. Students use a variety of media and formats to communicate information and
ideas eectively to multiple audiences.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students simulate the work of software engineers by designing illustrated manuals or brochures describing the procedures for
creating multimedia presentations as part of a collaborative project.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency CREATE procedural directions.
WRITING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Label images/illustrations/
icons that show the steps
for producing multimedia
presentations using
illustrated word banks in
small groups
List the steps for producing
multimedia presentations
using graphic organizers
and illustrated word banks
in small groups
Describe the process for
producing multimedia
presentations using graphic
organizers and word banks
in small groups
Detail the process for
producing multimedia
presentations using word
banks in small groups
Elaborate the steps for
producing multimedia
presentations in small
groups
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: software program, le name,
tool bar, icons, formatting, image, clip art, slides, multimedia presentation
COMPLEMENTARY STRAND: The Language of Technology & Engineering
EXAMPLE TOPIC:
Multimedia publishing
74
GRADE 5
CONNECTION: Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts, Speaking and Listening, Presentation of Knowledge & Ideas #4–5 (Grade 5): Report on a topic or text,
tell a story, or recount an experience in an organized manner, using appropriate facts and relevant, descriptive details to support main ideas or themes; speak clearly at an
understandable pace. Report on a topic or text or present an opinion, sequencing ideas logically and using appropriate facts and relevant, descriptive details to support main ideas
or themes; speak clearly at an understandable pace. Include multimedia components (e.g., graphics, sound) and visual displays in presentations when appropriate to enhance the
development of main ideas or themes.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students collaborate in providing coaching or feedback to peers’ on their oral presentations using class-created rubrics.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency EVALUATE their classmates’ presentations and give oral feedback.
SPEAKING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
State ratings of peers’
presentations using simple
illustrated sentence frames
and word banks
Describe ratings of peers’
presentations using
illustrated sentence frames
Discuss ratings of peers’
presentations and suggest
improvements using
sentence frames
Explain ratings of peers’
presentations with evidence
and suggest improvements
using sentence frames
Justify ratings of peers’
presentations with evidence
and suggest improvements
using rubrics
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: rubric, use of voice, pace,
visual aids, message
ELD STANDARD 1: Social & Instructional Language
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Peer assessment
See expanded
version of this strand
on pp. 30–31
75
GRADE 5
CONNECTION: Common Core State Reading Standards for Literature & Informational Text, Key Ideas and Details #1 (Grade 5): Quote accurately from a text when explaining what
the text says explicitly and when drawing inferences from the text.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students participate in teacher-guided or media-based read-alouds and relate character traits quoted from the oral text with a
partner.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency ANALYZE information about characters in oral text.
LISTENING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Identify character traits
based on evidence from
oral text, along with visual
cues, physical movement,
and tone of voice
Identify details related to
character traits based on
evidence from oral text,
along with visual cues and
tone of voice (e.g., “Sam is
adventurous because…”)
Identify character traits
based on evidence from
oral text using visual and
graphic support
Make predictions from
character traits based on
evidence from oral text
using visual and graphic
support
Infer character traits based
on evidence from oral text
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: character traits, provide
evidence, direct quotations
ELD STANDARD 2: The Language of Language Arts
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Text evidence
76
GRADE 5
CONNECTION: Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Geometry #1–2 (Grade 5): Use a pair of perpendicular number lines, called axes, to dene a coordinate system…
Represent real world and mathematical problems by graphing points in the rst quadrant of the coordinate plane, and interpret coordinate values of points in the context of the
situation.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students practice referring to axes and coordinates in real-world situations with a partner.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency UNDERSTAND how to plot points on a coordinate plane.
SPEAKING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Ask and answer yes/
no questions related to
coordinate planes using
teacher modeling and
visual support (e.g., “Is the
house at (2,3)?” “Yes”)
Ask and answer simple
Wh- questions related to
coordinate planes using
word banks and visual
support (e.g., “Where is the
school?” “It is at (5,7)”)
Describe the relationships
among points on
coordinate planes using
word banks and visual
support (e.g., “e new
park will be one block
from the school. It will be
located at (4,7).”)
Describe real-world
applications of plotting
points and navigating
distances between locations
on coordinate planes using
visual support
Explain real-world
applications of plotting
points and navigating
distances between locations
on coordinate planes
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: horizontal and vertical axes,
coordinates, coordinate plane, ordered pair
ELD STANDARD 3: The Language of Mathematics
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Coordinate plane
77
GRADE 5
CONNECTION: Next Generation Science Standards, Earth and Space Sciences, Space Systems: Stars and the Solar System ESS1-1, ESS1-2 (Grade 5): Support an argument that
dierences in the apparent brightness of the sun compared to other stars is due to their relative distances from the Earth. Represent data in graphical displays to reveal patterns of
daily changes in length and direction of shadows, day and night, and the seasonal appearance of some stars in the night sky.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students explore a variety of informational texts and media to discover how Earth’s rotation around the sun aects shadows, day
and night, and the phases of the moon and extract pertinent information to create a class book to share with rst grade reading buddies who are also exploring day and night in
science.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency ANALYZE the eects of Earth’s rotation.
READING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Identify words and phrases
associated with Earth’s
rotation from illustrated
texts using manipulatives
with a partner
Sort words and phrases
associated with Earth’s
rotation from illustrated
texts (e.g., illustrated
books, media, posters)
using graphic organizers
with a partner
Categorize sentences
associated with Earth’s
rotation from a variety of
texts (e.g., books, media)
using graphic organizers
with a partner
Organize sentences
associated with Earth’s
rotation from a variety of
texts (e.g., books, media,
encyclopedias) with a
partner
Order paragraphs
associated with Earth’s
rotation from a variety of
texts
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: Earth’s rotation, phases of the
moon
ELD STANDARD 4: The Language of Science
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Solar system
78
GRADE 5
CONNECTION: National Standards for World History: Social Studies Standards 1A-C, (Grade 5): Demonstrate understanding of the origins and consequences of European overseas
expansion in the 15th and 16th centuries; Demonstrate understanding of the encounters between Europeans and peoples of Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and the Americas in the
late 15th and early 16th centuries; Demonstrate understanding of the consequences of the worldwide exchange of ora, fauna, and pathogens.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students examine the impacts of exploration on both the old and new worlds (e.g., pretend you are an explorer writing a letter
home or in your journal) after participating in a large group activity to map the spread of plants, animals, diseases, and riches in the age of exploration.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency EVALUATE eects of exploration on history.
WRITING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
List positive and negative
impacts of exploration
using graphic organizers
(e.g., T-chart, concept
map) and illustrated word
banks in L1 or L2
State positive and negative
impacts of exploration
using illustrated word
banks in L1 or L2
Describe and give examples
of positive and negative
impacts of exploration
using graphic organizers
and word banks
Explain and give specic
examples of positive
and negative impacts of
exploration using graphic
organizers
Critique impacts of
exploration and give
detailed examples (e.g.,
new discoveries v. loss of
native culture, freedom,
life)
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: : Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: colonization, explorers/
exploration, discover/discovery, conqueror/conquest
ELD STANDARD 5: The Language of Social Studies
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Exploration
79
GRADE 5
CONNECTION: e National Standards for Arts Education #1, Understanding the Relationship Between Music, the Other Arts, and other Disciplines Outside the Arts #8 (Grades 5–8):
Students describe ways in which the principles and subject matter of other disciplines taught in the school are interrelated with those of music (e.g., language arts: issues to be
considered in setting texts to music…).
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students in preparing to create their own song lyrics, examine composers’ writing styles and how they t with their music.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency APPLY reading comprehension strategies to understanding lyrics.
READING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Distinguish among features
(e.g., chorus, verses) to
determine gist of songs’
message using graphic
organizers
Identify repetitive words or
phrases to determine gist
of songs’ message using
graphic organizers
Identify key words or
phrases to determine songs’
message using graphic
organizers
Identify expressive words
and phrases that reect
lyrical choices to determine
songs’ message using
graphic organizers
Interpret lyrical choices to
determine songs’ message
(e.g., alliteration, rhyme)
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: repeated verses, chorus, song
lyrics
COMPLEMENTARY STRAND: The Language of Music & Performing Arts
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Song lyrics
80
GRADE 6
CONNECTION: Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts, Reading Standards for Informational Text, Key Ideas and Details #2 (Grade 6): Determine a central idea of
a text and how it is conveyed through particular details; provide a summary of the text distinct from personal opinions or judgments.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students refer to information on behavioral expectations (e.g., school handbook, school website, classroom rules or syllabus, etc.)
to create posters for their classroom/school community.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency UNDERSTAND behavioral expectations.
READING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Identify settings for
behavioral expectations
(e.g., in the classroom,
lunchroom) from visually
supported text
Classify settings for
behavioral expectations
from visually supported
text in small groups
Locate main ideas about
behavioral expectations
from illustrated handbooks
and texts in small groups
Locate details about
behavioral expectations
from handbooks and texts
in small groups
Infer results of adhering or
not adhering to behavioral
expectations from
handbooks and texts
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: posture, manners, polite
behavior
ELD STANDARD 1: Social & Instructional Language
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Behavioral expectations
81
GRADE 6
CONNECTION: Common Core State Language Standards, Conventions of Standard English #1–2 (Grade 6): Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English
grammar when writing or speaking; Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students provide written feedback to each other about their use of conventions and mechanics in original written texts as part of
the writing process.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency APPLY their knowledge of English conventions and mechanics.
WRITING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Identify conventions and
mechanics in peers’ writing
(e.g., by highlighting) using
models and environmental
print
Identify language to be
edited in peers’ writing
using models and rubrics
Suggest edits of peers’
writing using models and
rubrics
Give reasons for editing
peers’ writing using models
and rubrics
Explain editing of peers’
writing through detailed
feedback using models and
rubrics
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: edit, conventions, mechanics
ELD STANDARD 2: The Language of Language Arts
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Peer editing
82
GRADE 6
CONNECTION: Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Ratios and Proportional Relationships #3 (Grade 6): Use ratio and rate reasoning to solve real-world and
mathematical problems, e.g., by reasoning about tables of equivalent ratios, tape diagrams, double number line diagrams, or equations.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students justify their decisions in real-life scenarios (e.g., choosing items to buy based on discounts and local tax, determining
miles per gallon for dierent models of cars, or selecting players for a fantasy team based on sports average).
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency EVALUATE their options and make choices.
WRITING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
List choices based on rate
calculations in real-life
situations using templates
and word banks with a
partner
Describe choices based on
rate calculations in real-life
situations using templates
and word banks with a
partner
Compare choices based on
rate calculations in real-life
situations using graphic
organizers with a partner
Explain choices based on
rate calculations in real-life
situations using charts with
partners
Elaborate on choices based
on rate calculations in real-
life situations with partners
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: sales tax, discount, percentage,
ratio, proportion
ELD STANDARD 3: The Language of Mathematics
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Ratio & rate
See expanded
version of this strand
on pp. 32–33
83
GRADE 6
CONNECTION: Next Generation Science Standards, Life Sciences, Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics LS2-1, 2-2, 2-3, 2-4 (Middle School): Analyze and interpret
data to provide evidence for the eects of resource availability on organisms and populations of organisms in an ecosystem. Construct an explanation that predicts patterns
of interactions among organisms across multiple ecosystems. Develop a model to describe the cycling of matter and ow of energy among living and nonliving parts of an
ecosystem. Construct an argument supported by empirical evidence that changes to physical or biological components of an ecosystem aect populations.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students listen to oral descriptions (e.g., video clips, lecture, peer groups) and recognize key functions of organisms within
ecosystems to prepare models to display in their classrooms.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency UNDERSTAND functions of organisms within ecosystems.
LISTENING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Identify functions
of organisms within
ecosystems based on oral
statements using photos or
illustrations and graphic
organizers
Match functions to
organisms within
ecosystems based on oral
language using photos or
illustrations and graphic
organizers
Match functions to
organisms within
ecosystems based on
descriptive oral language
using graphic organizers
Connect functions
of organisms within
ecosystems based on
extended oral discourse
using graphic organizers
Categorize functions
of organisms within
ecosystems based on
extended oral discourse
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: consumers/predators,
producers, decomposers, scavengers, function, species
ELD STANDARD 4: The Language of Science
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Ecosystems
84
GRADE 6
CONNECTION: National Curriculum Standards for Social Studies, Standard 6: Power, Authority, and Governance (Middle Grades): Learners will understand: fundamental values of
constitutional democracy (e.g., the common good, liberty, justice, equality, and individual dignity); e ideologies and structures of political systems that dier from those of the
United States; e ways in which governments meet the needs and wants of citizens, manage conict, and establish order and security.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students exchange ideas about features of their own form and organization of government in preparation for giving a multimedia
presentation.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency CREATE model governments.
SPEAKING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Suggest features of model
governments using
illustrated templates in
small groups in L1 or L2
Suggest detailed features of
model governments using
illustrated templates in
small groups in L1 or L2
Discuss features of model
governments using a
template in small groups
Discuss reasons for
selection of features of
model governments using a
template in small groups
Defend selection of features
of model governments
(e.g., through debate)
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: forms of government, personal
rights, equality, the common good
ELD STANDARD 5: The Language of Social Studies
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Forms & organization of government
85
GRADE 6
CONNECTION: Alaska Cultural Standards for Students D (K–12): Culturally-knowledgeable students are able to engage eectively in learning activities that are based on
traditional ways of knowing and learning. 4. Gather oral and written history information from the local community and provide an appropriate interpretation of its cultural
meaning and signicance
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students discuss the cultural signicance of dierent community activities based on information from interviews with elders or
long-term residents of the local community to identify relevant information to include in student-created resources (e.g., websites, publications) about their community.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency ANALYZE traditional ways of knowing and interpreting information with events and
traditions of the local community.
SPEAKING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Name events and traditions
of the local community
and their signicance using
illustrated environmental
print, graphic organizers,
and realia
Describe events and
traditions of the local
community and their
signicance using
illustrated environmental
print, graphic organizers,
and realia
Explain events and
traditions of the local
community and their
signicance using notes
from interviews and realia
Discuss events and
traditions of the local
community and their
signicance using notes
from interviews and realia
Interpret the signicance
of events and traditions of
the local community using
notes from interviews and
realia
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: accumulated specic
knowledge, interpretation, local conventions, cultural signicance
COMPLEMENTARY STRAND: The Language of the Humanities
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Interpretation of oral histories
86
GRADE 7
CONNECTION: Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts, Speaking and Listening, Presentation of Knowledge & Ideas #1 (Grade 7): Engage eectively in a range of
collaborative discussions (one-on-one, in groups, and teacher-led) with diverse partners on grade 7 topics, texts, and issues, building on others’ ideas and expressing their own
clearly… d. Acknowledge new information expressed by others and, when warranted, modify their own views.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students listen to each other in a classroom discussion on a contemporary issue (e.g., poverty, new school rules) and reect on
how their own views were inuenced by others.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency ANALYZE diverse views on contemporary issues.
LISTENING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Identify points of view
from oral statements
using illustrated graphic
organizers and word banks
Classify points of view
from oral statements
using illustrated graphic
organizers and word banks
Compare points of view
from oral discussion using
graphic organizers and
word banks
Compare points of view
from oral discussion using
word banks
Interpret points of view in
expanded oral discourse
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: active listening, reection,
mutual respect, contemporary issue, points of view
ELD STANDARD 1: Social & Instructional Language
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Reective listening
87
GRADE 7
CONNECTION: Common Core State Speaking and Listening Standards, Comprehension and Collaboration #2 (Grade 7): Analyze the main ideas and supporting details presented in
diverse media and formats (e.g., visually, quantitatively, orally) and explain how the ideas clarify a topic, text, or issue under study.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students discuss main ideas of short stories, novels, and essays with partners or in small groups to clarify the theme, topic, or issue
under study.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency APPLY main ideas of short stories, novels, and essays.
SPEAKING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Produce key words about
themes related to the main
idea using visual support
(e.g., captioned illustrations
of plot and main ideas)
with a partner
Produce statements about
themes related to the
main idea using graphic
organizers with a partner
Explain themes related to
the main idea using graphic
organizers (e.g., story map,
plot line) to a partner
Discuss themes related to
the main idea using graphic
organizers
Discuss themes related
to the main idea using
extended discourse
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: supporting details, theme,
thesis
ELD STANDARD 2: The Language of Language Arts
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Main ideas
88
GRADE 7
CONNECTION: Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Expressions and Equations #4 (Grade 7): Use variables to represent quantities in a real-world or mathematical
problem, and construct simple equations and inequalities to solve problems by reasoning about the quantities.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students read real-life problems and use manipulatives to construct algebraic equations and nd their solutions in small groups.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency APPLY their algebraic knowledge.
READING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Identify key language that
provides information to
solve real-life mathematical
problems using visual and
graphic supports with a
partner
Identify key language that
provides information to
solve real-life mathematical
problems using labeled
visual and graphic supports
with a partner
Identify key language that
provides information to
solve real-life mathematical
problems using graphic
supports (e.g., charts and
tables)
Identify key language
patterns to solve real-life
mathematical problems
using graphic supports
Identify key language
patterns to solve real-life
mathematical problems
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: inequality, linear equation,
non-linear, simplify the expression, ____ per ____
ELD STANDARD 3: The Language of Mathematics
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Algebraic equations
89
GRADE 7
CONNECTION: Next Generation Science Standards, Earth’s Systems MS-ESS2-3: Analyze and interpret data on the distribution of fossils and rocks, continental shapes, and seaoor
structures to provide evidence of the past plate motions.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students report on the process and results of a science experiment to construct scientic knowledge.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency will UNDERSTAND how to interpret and represent the results of scientic inquiry.
WRITING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Produce labeled
illustrations of scientic
questions and conclusions
using graphic organizers
with a partner
Describe scientic
questions and conclusions
using graphic organizers
(e.g., cloze activity) using
word banks with a partner
Describe in detail scientic
questions and conclusions
using words banks and
graphic organizers
Organize language about
scientic questions and
conclusions using graphic
organizers (e.g., paragraph
frames)
Summarize scientic
questions and conclusions
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: scientic inquiry, hypothesis,
hypothesis testing, observations, results
ELD STANDARD 4: The Language of Science
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Scientic inquiry
90
GRADE 7
CONNECTION: Common Core Reading Standards for Literacy in History/Social Studies, Integration of Knowledge & Ideas #7: Integrate visual information (e.g., in charts, graphs,
photographs, videos, or maps) with other information in print and digital texts.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students read informational texts and related websites about crops or agricultural products to interpret maps or create charts.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency ANALYZE the importance of agricultural resources to regional economies.
READING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Identify agricultural icons
using visual or graphic
support (e.g., on maps or
graphs)
Locate resources or
agricultural products using
visual or graphic support
Distinguish among
resources or agricultural
products using visual or
graphic support
Find patterns associated
with resources or
agricultural products using
visual or graphic support
Draw conclusions about
resources or agricultural
products on maps or
graphs from grade-level text
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: renewable, non-renewable,
resource allocation
ELD STANDARD 5: The Language of Social Studies
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Agriculture
See expanded
version of this strand
on pp. 34–35
91
GRADE 7
CONNECTION: e National Standards for Arts Education #1, Understanding and Applying Media, Techniques, and Processes (Grades 5–8): Students select media, techniques, and
processes; analyze what makes them eective or not eective in communicating ideas; and reect upon the eectiveness of their choices. Students intentionally take advantage of
the qualities and characteristics of art media, techniques, and processes to enhance communication of their experiences and ideas.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students listen to oral descriptions (e.g., teacher talk, video, podcast, etc.) to determine the eectiveness of media, techniques,
and processes in communicating artists’ ideas in preparation for defending their own artistic choices.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency UNDERSTAND the communicative eectiveness of dierent artistic media.
LISTENING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Identify oral statements
about artistic qualities
and characteristics used to
communicate ideas and
experiences using visual
and non-verbal cues and
illustrated word walls
Identify oral descriptions
about artistic qualities
and characteristics used
to communicate ideas
and experiences using
illustrated word walls
Categorize artistic qualities
and characteristics used to
communicate ideas and
experiences using graphic
organizers
Distinguish among artistic
qualities and characteristics
used to communicate ideas
and experiences using
graphic organizers
Infer reasons for artists’
selection of media,
techniques, and processes
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: perspective, abstract, realistic,
dimension, form and function
COMPLEMENTARY STRAND: The Language of Visual Arts
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Art media, techniques, & processes
92
GRADE 8
CONNECTION: Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts, Writing, Text Type and Purposes #2–3 (Grade 8): Write informative/explanatory texts to examine a topic
and convey ideas, concepts, and information through the selection, organization, and analysis of relevant content… Write narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or
events using eective technique, relevant descriptive details, and well-structured event sequences.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students work in groups to prepare a script for a presentation (e.g., skit, video, multimedia) for incoming students focusing on
peer pressure.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency CREATE a script.
WRITING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Draw and label storyboards
about emotions and
decisions inuenced
by peer pressure using
illustrated word banks
Compose dialogues for
storyboards or scripts about
emotions and decisions
inuenced by peer pressure
using sentence frames
Compose dialogues for
scripts about emotions
and decisions inuenced
by peer pressure using
illustrations and following
models
Compose scripts about
emotions and decisions
inuenced by peer pressure
using illustrations following
models
Compose scripts about
emotions and decisions
inuenced by peer pressure
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: attitudes, behaviors, peer
pressure, belonging, membership, strength of character
ELD STANDARD 1: Social & Instructional Language
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Peer Pressure
93
GRADE 8
CONNECTION: Common Core Reading Standards for Literature, Integration of Knowledge and Ideas #9 (Grade 8): Analyze how a modern work of ction draws on themes, patterns
of events, or character types from myths, traditional stories, or religious works such as the Bible, including describing how the material is rendered new.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students listen to class discussions about themes, patterns of events, or character types in a work of literature to make connections
to their own lives and/or familiar stories or myths from their own cultures.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency ANALYZE universal themes of literature.
LISTENING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Select illustrations
depicting literary
characters, themes,
and plots based on
oral statements using
environmental print (e.g.,
posters about character
types and themes)
Select illustrations
depicting literary
characters, themes,
and plots based on
oral descriptions using
environmental print
Classify examples of
literary characters, themes,
and plots based on oral
descriptions with a partner
Find patterns related to
literary characters, themes,
and plots using graphic
organizers with a partner
Predict the evolution of
literary characters, themes,
and plots
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: universal theme, character
type, allegory, mythology, protagonist
ELD STANDARD 2: The Language of Language Arts
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Literature analysis
See expanded
version of this strand
on pp. 36–37
94
GRADE 8
CONNECTION: Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Geometry #4 (Grade 8): Understand that a two-dimensional gure is similar to another if the second can be
obtained from the rst by a sequence of rotations, reections, translations, and dilations; given two similar two-dimensional gures, describe a sequence that exhibits the
similarity between them.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students manipulate two-dimensional gures based on oral instructions to determine the sequence of transformations of two-
dimensional gures in a coordinate plane.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency UNDERSTAND congruence of gures in dierent positions on the coordinate plane.
LISTENING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Adjust the position of
gures based on simple oral
commands (e.g., “rotate,”
“reect,” etc.) using visual
supports with a partner
Adjust the position of
gures based on oral
descriptions (e.g., “reect
over the y-axis”) using
visual supports with a
partner
Adjust the position of
gures based on detailed
oral descriptions using
visual supports with a
partner
Adjust the position of
gures based on multi-step
oral instructions using
visual supports
Adjust the position
of gures based on
information from complex
oral discourse
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: geometric transformation,
rotation, reection, translation, dilation, scale factor, vector
ELD STANDARD 3: The Language of Mathematics
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Transformation of two-dimensional gures
95
GRADE 8
CONNECTION: Next Generation Science Standards, Physical Sciences, Energy PS3-2, PS3-3, PS3-4, PS3-5 (Middle School): Develop a model to describe that when the arrangement
of objects interacting at a distance changes, dierent amounts of potential energy are stored in the system. Apply scientic principles to design, construct, and test a device that
either minimizes or maximizes thermal energy transfer. Plan an investigation to determine the relationships among the energy transferred, the type of matter, the mass, and the
change in the average kinetic energy of the particles as measured by the temperature of the sample. Construct, use, and present arguments to support the claim that when the
kinetic energy of an object changes, energy is transferred to or from the object.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students decide with peers the types of energy transfers that occur in various situations from everyday life (e.g., glow sticks,
thunderstorms, simple engines) to demonstrate the conservation of energy.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency will ANALYZE energy transfer.
SPEAKING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
State how energy transfers
using visual supports (e.g.,
“heat,” “light,” “sound”)
Give examples of how
energy transfers using
sentence frames and
graphic supports
Describe how energy
transfers using sentence
frames and graphic
supports
Compare and contrast
how energy transfers using
graphic supports
Discuss how energy
transfers using graphic
supports
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: energy transfer, conservation
of energy, sound wave, kinetic energy, potential energy, thermal energy
ELD STANDARD 4: The Language of Science
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Forms of energy
96
GRADE 8
CONNECTION: Common Core State Writing Standards for Literacy in History/Social Studies, Science, and Technical Subjects, Text Type and Purposes #2 (Grades 6–8): Determine the
central ideas or information of a primary or secondary source; provide an accurate summary of the source distinct from prior knowledge or opinions.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students read informational articles on globalization to consider its impact on their lives (e.g., Internet, mass media, food and
beverage distributors, retail stores).
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency EVALUATE the eects of globalization around the world and in their local community.
READING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Classify visually-supported
words or phrases related to
the eects of globalization
using graphic organizers
with a partner in L1 or L2
Categorize language
related to the eects of
globalization using graphic
organizers with a partner
Organize language
related to the eects of
globalization based on
visually-supported text
using graphic organizers
with a partner
Compare the eects of
globalization based on text
using graphic organizers in
small groups
Draw conclusions about
the eects of globalization
based on text in small
groups
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: interdependence, worldwide,
network, transnational
ELD STANDARD 5: The Language of Social Studies
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Globalization
97
GRADE 8
CONNECTION: e National Physical Education and Health Standards #6, Setting Goals for Good Health (Grades 5–8): Students will demonstrate the ability to use goal-setting
and decision-making skills to enhance health—Demonstrate the ability to apply a decision-making process to health issues and problems individually and collaboratively.
Analyze how health-related decisions are inuenced by individuals, family, and community values. Predict how decisions regarding health behaviors have consequences for self
and others. Apply strategies and skills needed to attain personal health goals. Describe how personal health goals are inuenced by changing information, abilities, priorities, and
responsibilities. Develop a plan that addresses personal strengths, needs, and health risks.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students develop personal health and tness plans based on research-based recommendations for nutrition and physical activity.
Later, they record and reect on their choices in a food and exercise diary to self-monitor their progress over time.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency APPLY knowledge about health and tness to their personal goals.
WRITING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
List personal health goals
using word banks and
graphic organizers in L1
or L2
State personal health goals
using word banks (e.g.,
“I want to eat balanced
meals.”)
Explain personal health
goals using sentence starters
(e.g., “I chose ____ because
____.”)
Detail personal health goals
using a model (e.g., “I
would like to decrease my
body mass index by….”)
Elaborate reasons for
personal health goals (e.g.,
“I know that I need to
add more cardio instead of
just weight lifting because
I don’t have the highest
metabolism...”)
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: nutritional content, body mass
index, calories, food pyramid, metabolism
COMPLEMENTARY STRAND: The Language of Health & Physical Education
EXAMPLE TOPIC:
Personal health & tness
98
GRADES 910
CONNECTION: Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts, Speaking and Listening, Comprehension & Collaboration #1.c (Grade 9–10): Propel conversations by
posing and responding to questions that relate the current discussion to broader themes or larger ideas; actively incorporate others into the discussion; and clarify, verify, or
challenge ideas and conclusions.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students discuss and build consensus by role playing community members acting on current school or community issues.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency APPLY consensus-building procedures to group discussions.
SPEAKING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Repeat set phrases (e.g., “I
agree”, “I disagree”) and use
non-verbal communication
to propel discussions using
sentence frames, word
banks, and visuals
Make statements (e.g., “We
can…”, “We must…”) to
propel discussions using
sentence frames, word
banks, and visuals
Paraphrase statements (“We
agree that…”) to propel
discussions using sentence
frames and word banks
Pose and respond to
questions (e.g., “I think
we could…”) to propel
discussions using sentence
frames
Elaborate on responses
to propel discussions
using sentence frames
(e.g., “I’d like to add to
that...”, “Have you also
considered...?”)
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: delegate, compromise,
represent, motivate, inspire, set an example
ELD STANDARD 1: Social & Instructional Language
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Collaborative discussion
99
GRADES 910
CONNECTION: Common Core State Standards, English Language Arts, Reading: Informational Text, Integration of Knowledge and Ideas #8 (Grades 9–10): Delineate and evaluate
the argument and specic claims in a text, assessing whether the reasoning is valid and the evidence is relevant and sucient; identify false statements and fallacious reasoning.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students learn how to choose appropriate sources for a research project by examining texts (e.g., speech transcripts, websites,
editorials) to identify author’s bias.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency will EVALUATE author’s bias.
READING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Locate language associated
with fact and/or opinion
from visually supported
text with a partner using
L1 or L2 and word banks
(e.g., “I think”, “I believe”
v. “data”, “fact”)
Locate language associated
with fact and opinion from
visually supported text with
a partner using word banks
(e.g., “70% of Latinos” v.
“almost all Latinos”)
Locate language of opinion
and bias from excerpts of
texts following a model
in small groups (e.g., “We
as scientists agree…” v.
“Scientists everywhere
agree…”)
Sort language of bias from
texts (e.g., by validity
of reasoning/evidence)
following a model in small
groups
Infer author’s bias from
texts in small groups
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: bias, claim, argument, relevant
evidence, valid reasoning, stereotype
ELD STANDARD 2: The Language of Language Arts
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Bias
100
KINDERGARTENGRADE 1GRADE 3GRADE 6GRADES 910
CONNECTION: Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Geometry, Similarity, Right Triangles and Trigonometry #6–8 (High School): Understand that by similarity, side
ratios in right triangles are properties of the angles in the triangle, leading to denitions of trigonometric ratios for acute angles. Explain and use the relationship between the sine
and cosine of complementary angles. Use trigonometric ratios and the Pythagorean eorem to solve right triangles in applied problems.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students write word problems that can be solved by using right triangles (e.g., nding the height of a tree by using its shadow),
and trade with a classmate to solve each other’s problems.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency CREATE word problems requiring the use of trigonometric ratios and the Pythagorean
eorem to solve.
WRITING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Draw and label scenarios
for right triangle word
problems using illustrated
phrase banks
Draw and describe
scenarios for right triangle
word problems using
sentence frames and
illustrated phrase banks
Reproduce right triangle
word problems using
sentence frames and phrase
banks
Compose right triangle
word problems using
textbook models and
phrase banks
Compose detailed right
triangle word problems
using textbook models
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: sine, cosine, tangent
(trigonometric functions), hypotenuse, opposite, adjacent
ELD STANDARD 3: The Language of Mathematics
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Right triangles
101
GRADES 910
CONNECTION: Next Generation Science Standards, Physical Sciences, Matter and its Interactions PS1-5 (High School): Apply scientic principles and evidence to provide an
explanation about the eects of changing the temperature or concentration of the reacting particles on the rate at which a reaction occurs.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students will discuss the design of an experiment (e.g., reaction rate of photosynthesis) to test the eect of modifying a variable.
Groups will perform the experiment and discuss their observations on the impact of the specic variable. Finally, they will give a formal presentation on the results.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency ANALYZE the eect of modifying a variable in an experiment.
SPEAKING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Describe the eects of
modifying a variable using
illustrated word banks in
small groups
Give examples of the eects
of modifying a variable
using illustrated word
banks and sentence frames
in small groups
Explain the eects of
modifying a variable
using sentence frames and
graphic organizers in small
groups
Discuss the eects of
modifying a variable
using sentence frames and
graphic organizers in small
groups
Report on the eects of
modifying a variable in
small groups
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: dependent and independent
variables, control and experimental groups, quantitative and qualitative data
ELD STANDARD 4: The Language of Science
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Dependent & independent variables
See expanded
version of this strand
on pp. 38–40
102
GRADES 910
CONNECTION: Minnesota Economics Standards VI. Economics, A. e Market Economy (Micro Economics) (Grades 9–12): e student will understand the basic characteristics
of markets and the role of prices in modern market economies. 1. Students will describe the determination of equilibrium market prices by applying principles of supply and
demand to markets for goods and services. 3. Students will identify several factors that lead to variation in market prices and quantities exchanged by changes in supply and/or
demand.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students listen to a video (e.g., a news clip or CEO presentation to shareholders) or professional guest visitor about supply and
demand of a popular product to project its market value in coming months.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency will UNDERSTAND the concept of supply and demand.
LISTENING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Point to key terms related
to supply and demand
using visuals and bilingual
dictionaries with a partner
Select language related
to supply and demand
to complete graphic
organizers using word
banks with a partner
Organize information
related to supply and
demand using graphic
organizers in small groups
Identify examples of
changes in supply and
demand using graphic
organizers in small groups
Infer reasons for changes
in supply and demand in
small groups
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: supply and demand,
consumption, market prices, market economies, goods and services, commodities
ELD STANDARD 5: The Language of Social Studies
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Supply & demand
103
GRADES 910
CONNECTION: National Technology Standards #5, Digital Citizenship (Grades K–12): Students understand human, cultural, and societal issues related to technology and practice
legal and ethical behavior. Students advocate and practice safe, legal, and responsible use of information and technology
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students investigate the social eects of new technologies through articles on contemporary topics (e.g., social media use in the
teenage population) to advocate for safe and responsible use of information and technology.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency ANALYZE the eects of new technologies in today’s society.
READING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Classify statements from
visually supported texts
about eects of new
technologies on behavior
using L1 or L2 with a
partner
Organize information from
visually supported texts
about the eects of new
technologies on behavior
using graphic organizers
(e.g., cause and eect
maps) and L1 or L2 with a
partner
Find text evidence of the
eects of new technologies
on behavior using graphic
organizers
Draw conclusions
about the eects of new
technologies on behavior
based on texts using
graphic organizers
Infer relationships
between the eects of new
technologies and behavior
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: cyber bullying, social media,
ethical behavior
COMPLEMENTARY STRAND: The Language of Technology & Engineering
EXAMPLE TOPIC:
Technology & ethics
104
GRADES 1112
CONNECTION: Common Core Reading Standards for Informational Texts, Integration of Knowledge & Ideas #7: Integrate and evaluate multiple sources of information presented in
dierent media or formats (e.g., visually, quantitatively) as well as in words in order to address a question or solve a problem.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students review college or career marketing materials (e.g., print or online) according to personal preferences (e.g., aordability,
location, time commitment, requirements, interest) to make informed decisions on post-secondary options.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency EVALUATE post-secondary options.
READING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Sort information on post-
secondary options from
multiple sources with visual
support with a partner
Identify important
information (e.g., by
highlighting) on post-
secondary options from
multiple sources with visual
support with a partner
Categorize (e.g., best,
maybe, unlikely) post-
secondary options from
multiple sources using
illustrated graphic
organizers
Make judgments about
post-secondary options
from multiple sources
using illustrated graphic
organizers (e.g., checklists
of types of evidence)
Draw conclusions on post-
secondary options from
claims in multiple sources
of information
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: priorities, vocation/trade,
merit scholarship, cost of living, room and board, professional reference, résumé-building
ELD STANDARD 1: Social & Instructional Language
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Informed decisions (College & career)
See expanded
version of this strand
on pp. 40–41
105
GRADES 1112
CONNECTION: Common Core State Standards, English Language Arts, Reading: Literature, Craft and Structure #6 (Grades 11–12): Analyze a case in which grasping a point of view
requires distinguishing what is directly stated in a text from what is really meant (e.g., satire, sarcasm, irony, or understatement).
Common Core State Standards, English Language Arts, Speaking and Listening, Comprehension and Collaboration #3 (Grades 11–12): Evaluate a speaker’s point of view, reasoning,
and use of evidence and rhetoric, assessing the stance, premises, links among ideas, word choice, points of emphasis, and tone used.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students are encouraged to draw on their own cultural experiences with satire and use observations about intonation patterns to
understand underlying meaning in performances of satirical literature.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency UNDERSTAND the characteristics and function of culturally-relevant satire.
LISTENING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Recognize satirical
expressions (e.g.,
exaggeration) in familiar
contexts using visual cues
and storyboards
Identify literal meaning
and satirical meaning in
familiar contexts using
visual cues and illustrated
scripts
Identify literal meaning
and satirical meaning using
illustrated scripts
Compare the literal
meaning and satirical
meaning of visually
supported speech
Infer the speaker’s purposes
in satirical speech
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: satire, satirical humor, reading
between the lines, juxtaposition, ridicule
ELD STANDARD 2:
The
Language of Language Arts
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Satire
106
KINDERGARTENGRADE 1GRADE 3GRADE 6GRADES 1112
CONNECTION: Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Functions, Interpreting Functions #4–6 (Grades 11–12): For a function that models a relationship between two
quantities, interpret key features of graphs and tables in terms of the quantities, and sketch graphs showing key features given a verbal description of the relationship. Key features
include: intercepts; intervals where the function is increasing, decreasing, positive, or negative; relative maximums and minimums; symmetries; end behavior; and periodicity.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students use mathematical abstractions in equations and graphs to represent real-life situations (e.g., using functions and graphs
to analyze the lunar cycle, analyze motion graphs of a falling object or parabolic motion).
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency UNDERSTAND properties of functions.
SPEAKING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Name key properties of
functions using graphs and
equations in L1 or L2 with
a partner
Give examples of key
properties of functions
using labeled graphs and
equations with a partner
Describe how key
properties of functions are
represented using labeled
graphs and equations
Summarize representations
of key properties of
functions in small groups
(e.g., think aloud)
Explain with details
representations of key
properties of functions in
small groups
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: periodicity, rate of change,
quadratic functions, parabola
ELD STANDARD 3:
The
Language of Mathematics
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Mathematical relations & functions
107
GRADES 1112
CONNECTION: Next Generation Science Standards, Physical Sciences, Chemical Reactions PS1-2 (High School): Construct and revise an explanation for the outcome of a simple
chemical reaction based on the outermost electron states of atoms, trends in the periodic table, and knowledge of the patterns of chemical properties.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students investigate the characteristics of substances through expository (e.g., technical descriptions of chemical reactions) and
narrative (e.g., feature story on chemists cleaning up chemicals in natural waterways) texts in preparation to identify unknown chemicals in reactions.
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency ANALYZE the chemical properties of substances.
READING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Identify variables (e.g., pH,
number of free electrons)
aecting chemical reactions
using visuals with a partner
Locate information about
chemical reactions using
visuals in small groups
Distinguish among
chemical reactions using
graphic organizers in small
groups
Categorize chemical
reactions using graphic
organizers in small groups
Draw conclusions about
chemical reactions (e.g.,
“is chemical would
cause problems in a natural
waterway.”)
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: reactant, endothermic
exothermic, oxidation-reduction, catalyst, single/double replacement reaction
ELD STANDARD 4:
The
Language of Science
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Chemical reactions
108
GRADES 1112
CONNECTION: Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts, Writing, Research to Build & Present Knowledge #7–8 (Grade 11–12): Conduct short as well as more
sustained research projects to answer a question (including a self-generated question) or solve a problem; narrow or broaden the inquiry when appropriate; synthesize multiple
sources on the subject, demonstrating understanding of the subject under investigation… Integrate information into the text selectively to maintain the ow of ideas, avoiding
plagiarism and overreliance on any one source and following a standard format for citation.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students write up the results of research on the impact of a historical gure or event on contemporary politics, economics, or
society (e.g., prohibition, women’s surage, eugenics).
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency EVALUATE historical information.
WRITING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Reproduce key words and
phrases about impact of
signicant individuals or
events using photographs
and word banks or
bilingual dictionaries
Dene impact of
signicant individuals or
events using photographs
and word banks or
bilingual dictionaries
Describe impact of
signicant individuals or
events using photographs
and models
Discuss in detail impact of
signicant individuals or
events using models
Critique impact of
signicant individuals or
events
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: ideology, social/political
movement, social construct, authority, social justice, equity
ELD STANDARD 5:
The
Language of Social Studies
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Historical gures & times
109
GRADES 1112
CONNECTION: National Arts Standards for Music #9, Understanding Music in Relation to History and Culture (Grades 9–12): Students classify by genre or style and by historical
period or culture unfamiliar but representative aural examples of music and explain the reasoning behind their classications. Students identify and explain the stylistic features of
a given musical work that serve to dene its aesthetic tradition and its historical or cultural context. Students identify and describe music genres or styles that show the inuence
of two or more cultural traditions, identify the cultural source of each inuence, and trace the historical conditions that produced the synthesis of inuences.
EXAMPLE CONTEXT FOR LANGUAGE USE: Students give presentations to the class using representative recordings and/or realia showing the relationships between social or
cultural changes in society and the evolution of musical genres (e.g., hip hop, blues, 1970s salsa, protest music).
COGNITIVE FUNCTION: Students at all levels of English language prociency UNDERSTAND musical genres within their social or cultural context.
SPEAKING
Level 1
Entering
Level 2
Emerging
Level 3
Developing
Level 4
Expanding
Level 5
Bridging
Level 6 – Reaching
Name inuences on
musical genres using
visuals, graphic organizers,
and sentence frames
(e.g., “I chose ___. It was
inuenced by…”)
Tell about the evolution
of musical genres using
visuals, graphic organizers
(e.g., timelines), and
sentence frames
Paraphrase the evolution
of musical genres using
graphic organizers and
following models
Describe in detail the
evolution of musical genres
using graphic organizers
and following models
Explain the evolution of
musical genres
TOPIC-RELATED LANGUAGE: Students at all levels of English language prociency interact with grade-level words and expressions, such as: musical genre,
instrumentation, fusion, aesthetic tradition, chord structure, phrasing, crossover artist
COMPLEMENTARY STRAND: The Language of Music and Performing Arts
EXAMPLE TOPIC: Musical genres
110
Appendix A: Glossary of Terms and Expressions Related to
the WIDA Standards
academic content standards: the skills and knowledge expected of students in the core content areas for
each grade level
academic language: the oral and written text required to succeed in school that entails deep
understanding and communication of the language of content within a classroom environment; revolves
around meaningful application of specic criteria related to Linguistic Complexity at the discourse
dimension, Language Forms and Conventions at the sentence dimension, and Vocabulary Usage at the
word/phrase dimension within the particular context in which communication occurs
amplied strands: a framework for representing the WIDA English Language Development Standards
that extends to include examples of the three performance criteria of academic language (Linguistic
Complexity, Language Forms and Conventions, Vocabulary Usage) across levels of language prociency
cognitive functions: the mental processes involved in learning
cohesion: a feature of academic language at the discourse dimension involving the grammatical and lexical
elements within and across sentences that hold text together to give it meaning
collocations: words or phrases that naturally co-occur with each other, (e.g., “peanut butter and jelly,” or
“a strong resemblance”)
Common Core State Standards: the skills and knowledge expected of students in English language arts,
mathematics (Kindergarten–Grade 12), and literacy in history/social studies, science, and technical subjects,
(Grades 6–12); adopted by the vast majority of states in the U.S. in 2010
complementary strands: the use of the standards framework to represent critical areas of schooling
outside the ve English language development standards, including music and performing arts, the
humanities, visual arts, health and physical education, technology, and engineering
complex sentence: one independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses with a subordinator
such as because, since, after, although, or when or a relative pronoun such as that, who, or which (e.g.,
“When school started, the students were excited.”)
compound sentence: two or more independent clauses joined by coordinating conjunctions (e.g., for,
and, nor, but, or, yet, so), semicolons, or a semicolon followed by a conjunctive adverb (e.g., “School
started today; the students were excited.”)
content stem: the element of model performance indicators, derived from state and national content
standards, including the Common Core State Standards and Next Generation of Science Standards, that
provides a standards-referenced example for contextualizing language development
connections to academic content standards: examples of the association or correspondence of
content to language standards
111
discourse: extended oral or written language conveying multiple connected ideas; its language features are
shaped by the genre, text type, situation, and register
domains: see language domains
English language learners (ELLs): linguistically and culturally diverse students who have been identied
(by a WIDA screener and other placement criteria) as having levels of English language prociency that
require language support to achieve grade-level content in English
example context for language use: element of the standards matrix situating the representation of the
English language development standards within a sociocultural setting that considers the register, genre/text
type, topic, and task
example topic: element of the standards matrix listing a theme or concept derived from state and national
content standards that provides a context for language development
expanded sentences: complete thoughts that contain descriptive language or two ideas that are
combined using connectors (and, but, or)
features of academic language: the performance criteria of oral and written communication that
include Linguistic Complexity at the discourse dimension, Language Forms and Conventions at the
sentence dimension, and Vocabulary Usage at the word/phrase dimension
formulaic expressions: a feature of academic language at the sentence dimension that represents a string
of words acquired as a single chunk, such (e.g., “How are you?”)
framework: see standards framework
general language: words or expressions not typically associated with a specic content area (e.g., describe
or book)
genres: socially-dened ways in which language (e.g., oral and written) is used to participate in particular
contexts to serve specic purposes
instructional language: the language that typies classroom discourse from teacher to teacher across
content areas, such as “Open your books to page ___.”
instructional supports: sensory, graphic, and interactive resources embedded in instruction and
assessment that assist students in constructing meaning from language and content
112
integrated strands: a framework for representing the WIDA ELD Standards in which grade levels,
language domains, and standards are combined in dierent congurations
L1: the rst language a student acquires; usually refers to a home language(s) other than English, although
for some English language learners, L2 (English) may be developing simultaneously alongside L1
L2: the second language a student acquires; usually refers to English as an additional language
language development standards: language expectations for English language learners represented
within progressive levels of language prociency
language domains: the modalities of language; listening, speaking, reading, and writing
language function: the purpose for which oral or written communication is being used; language
functions guide the choices in language use and structure as well as the social relationships being
established; rst element of model performance indicators that indicates how English language learners
process or use language to demonstrate their language prociency
language prociency: a person’s competence in processing (through listening and reading) and
producing (through speaking and writing) language
Language Forms and Conventions: the grammatical structures, patterns, syntax, and mechanics
associated with sentence dimension meaning; one of three criteria that constitute the Performance
Denitions
levels of language prociency: the division of the second language acquisition continuum into stages
descriptive of the process of language development; the WIDA ELD Standards have six levels of language
prociency: 1–Entering, 2–Emerging, 3–Developing, 4–Expanding, 5–Bridging, and 6–Reaching
Linguistic Complexity: the organization, cohesion, and relationship between ideas expressed in the
variety and kinds of sentences that make up dierent genres and text types in oral or written language at the
discourse dimension; one of three criteria that constitute the Performance Denitions
model performance indicator (MPI): a single cell within the standards matrix that is descriptive of a
specic level of English language development for a language domain within a grade or grade-level cluster
Next Generation Science Standards: the skills and knowledge expected of students in science and
engineering
Performance Denitions: the criteria that dene the Linguistic Complexity, Language Forms and
Conventions, and Vocabulary Usage for receptive and productive language across the ve levels of language
prociency
productive language: communicating meaning through the language domains of speaking and writing
prociency: see language prociency
realia: real-life objects used as instructional supports for language and content learning
113
receptive language: the processing of language through listening and reading
register: features of language that vary according to the context, the groups of users and purpose of the
communication (e.g., the speech used when students talk to their peers versus their principal)
scaolding: careful shaping of the supports (e.g., processes, environment, and materials) used to build
on students’ already acquired skills and knowledge to support their progress from level to level of language
prociency
simple sentence: an independent clause with a subject and a predicate; can also have a compound subject
and/or predicate (e.g., “e students and teachers were excited.”)
social language: the everyday registers used in interactions outside and inside school
sociocultural context: the association of language with the culture and society in which it is used; in
reference to schooling, understandings of sociocultural context revolve around the interaction between
students and the classroom language environment, which includes both curriculum and those involved in
teaching and learning
specic language: words or expressions used across multiple academic content areas in school (e.g., chart,
total, individual)
standards framework: the components representing WIDA’s ve ELD Standards, including the
standards themselves, the Features of Academic Language, the Performance Denitions, and the strands of
model performance indicators (standards matrix)
standards matrix: the basic framework for representing the English language development standards
including a strand of model performance indicators, connection to state content standards, example context
for language use, cognitive function, and topic-related language
strands of model performance indicators (MPIs): the ve sequential or scaolded levels of English
language prociency for a given topic and language domain within the standards matrix
supports: see instructional supports
technical language: the most precise words or expressions associated with topics within academic
content areas in school
text types: categories of text that employ particular language features for specic purposes
topic-related language: grade-level words and expressions, including those with multiple meanings and
cognates, that are associated with the example topic within the standards matrix
visual support: accompanying the use of written or oral language with illustrations, photographs, charts,
tables, graphs, graphic organizers, etc. to give ELLs additional opportunities to access meaning
Vocabulary Usage: the specicity of words or phrases for a given topic and context; one of three criteria
that constitute the Performance Denitions
114
Appendix B: Selected References
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Washington University Center for Equity and Excellence in Education.
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Lessons from the report of the National Literacy Panel on Language-Minority Children and Youth. New
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Bailey, A. L., Butler, F. A., Stevens, R., & Lord, C. (2007). Further specifying the language demands of
school. In A. L. Bailey (Ed.), e language demands of school: Putting academic language to the test (pp.
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Brown, D. H. (2007). Principles of language learning and teaching (5th ed.). White Plains,NY: Pearson.
Cloud, N., Genesee, F., & Hamayan, E. (2009). Literacy instruction for English language learners: A teacher’s
guide to research-based practices. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
Commins, N. (2012). How do English language learners learn content area concepts through their second
language? In E. Hamayan & R. Freeman-Field (Eds.), English language learners at school: A guide for
administrators (pp. 44–46). Philadelphia, PA: Caslon Publishing.
Cook, H.G. & Zhao, Y. (2011). How English language prociency assessments manifest growth: An
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Cummins, J. (2000). Language, power, and pedagogy: Bilingual children in the crossre. Clevedon, England:
Multilingual Matters.
Echevarría, J., Short, D., & Powers, K. (2006). School reform and standards-based education: A model for
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Ellis, R. (1985). Teacher-pupil interaction in second language development. In S. M. Gass & C. G.
Madden (Eds.), Input in second language acquisition (pp. 69–85). Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
Escamilla, K., & Hopewell, S. (2010). Transitions to biliteracy: Creating positive academic trajectories for
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education: Policy, practice, controversy (pp. 69–94). Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing.
Fillmore, L. W., & Snow, C. E. (2002). What teachers need to know about language. In C. T. Adger, C. E.
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and McHenry, IL: Center for Applied Linguistics and Delta Systems.
Francis, D. J., Lesaux, N., Kieer, M., & Rivera, H. (2006). Practical guidelines for the education of
English language learners: Research-based recommendations for instruction and academic interventions.
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García, O., & Kleifgen, J. (2010). Educating emergent bilinguals: Policies, programs, and practices for English
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115
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117
Appendix C: Index of Strands by Grade Level
e tables below reference the language domains and example topics presented in WIDA’s 2012
Amplication of the English Language Development Standards. As this publication does not include a strand
for every domain within each of the ve standards, we encourage educators to look for examples across
surrounding grade levels or refer to WIDA’s 2007 Edition (available at www.wida.us) for additional
examples of language development. We also invite educators to adapt, customize, and create new strands
of model performance indicators to meet the needs of their ELLs. A blank template for this purpose is
provided on p. 16.
Kindergarten
ELD Standard Example Topic Language Domain
1: Social & Instructional Language* Classroom collaboration Speaking
2: e Language of Language Arts Features of print Listening
3: e Language of Mathematics Attributes of objects Speaking
4: e Language of Science Body parts & senses Reading
5: e Language of Social Studies Self & family Writing
Complementary: e Language of Music &
Performing Arts
Rhythm Listening
Grade 1
ELD Standard Example Topic Language Domain
1: Social & Instructional Language Recreational classroom activities Reading
2: e Language of Language Arts Text elements Writing
3: e Language of Mathematics* Measurement of objects Listening
4: e Language of Science Force & motion Listening
5: e Language of Social Studies Neighborhoods/Communities Speaking
Complementary: e Language of the Humanities Multiculturalism Reading
Grade 2
ELD Standard Example Topic Language Domain
1: Social & Instructional Language School areas, personnel, & activities Listening
2: e Language of Language Arts Storytelling/Experiential recounting Speaking
3: e Language of Mathematics Money Reading
4: e Language of Science Life cycles Writing
5: e Language of Social Studies* Historical times & people Reading
Complementary: e Language of Visual Arts Visual characteristics Speaking
*denotes expanded strand
118
Grade 3
ELD Standard Example Topic Language Domain
1: Social & Instructional Language Research interests Writing
2: e Language of Language Arts* Giving feedback for revision Writing
3: e Language of Mathematics Area Listening
4: e Language of Science Electricity & magnets Speaking
5: e Language of Social Studies Civic participation Reading
Complementary: e Language of Health &
Physical Education
Healthy choices Listening
Grade 4
ELD Standard Example Topic Language Domain
1: Social & Instructional Language Community practices Speaking
2: e Language of Language Arts Narration Reading
3: e Language of Mathematics Lines & angles Writing
4: e Language of Science* Earth history/materials Listening
5: e Language of Social Studies Maps & globes/Locations Listening
Complementary: e Language of Technology &
Engineering
Multimedia publishing Writing
Grade 5
ELD Standard Example Topic Language Domain
1: Social & Instructional Language* Peer assessment Speaking
2: e Language of Language Arts Text evidence Listening
3: e Language of Mathematics Coordinate plane Speaking
4: e Language of Science Solar system Reading
5: e Language of Social Studies Exploration Writing
Complementary: e Language of Music &
Performing Arts
Song lyrics Reading
*denotes expanded strand
119
Grade 6
ELD Standard Example Topic Language Domain
1: Social & Instructional Language Behavioral expectations Reading
2: e Language of Language Arts Peer editing Writing
3: e Language of Mathematics* Ratio & rate Writing
4: e Language of Science Ecosystems Listening
5: e Language of Social Studies Forms & organization of
government
Speaking
Complementary: e Language of the Humanities Interpretation of oral histories Speaking
Grade 7
ELD Standard Example Topic Language Domain
1: Social & Instructional Language Reective listening Listening
2: e Language of Language Arts Main ideas Speaking
3: e Language of Mathematics Algebraic equations Reading
4: e Language of Science Scientic inquiry Writing
5: e Language of Social Studies* Agriculture Reading
Complementary: e Language of Visual Arts Art media, techniques, & processes Listening
Grade 8
ELD Standard Example Topic Language Domain
1: Social & Instructional Language Peer pressure Writing
2: e Language of Language Arts* Literature analysis Listening
3: e Language of Mathematics Transformation of two-dimensional
gures
Listening
4: e Language of Science Forms of energy Speaking
5: e Language of Social Studies Globalization Reading
Complementary: e Language of Health &
Physical Education
Personal health & tness Writing
*denotes expanded strand
120
Grades 9–10
ELD Standard Example Topic Language Domain
1: Social & Instructional Language Collaborative discussion Speaking
2: e Language of Language Arts Bias Reading
3: e Language of Mathematics Right triangles Writing
4: e Language of Science* Dependent & independent variables Speaking
5: e Language of Social Studies Supply & demand Listening
Complementary: e Language of Technology &
Engineering
Technology & ethics Reading
Grades 11–12
ELD Standard Example Topic Language Domain
1: Social & Instructional Language* Informed decisions (college &
career)
Reading
2: e Language of Language Arts Satire Listening
3: e Language of Mathematics Mathematical relations & functions Speaking
4: e Language of Science Chemical reactions Reading
5: e Language of Social Studies Historical gures & times Writing
Complementary: e Language of Music &
Performing Arts
Musical genres Speaking
*denotes expanded strand
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Appendix D: Acknowledgements and Development
Process
WIDA would like to extend its appreciation to the many individuals who have inspired, supported, and
contributed to the development of this edition of the English language development standards. is section
outlines the formal process by which WIDA conceptualized, drafted, and reviewed this 2012 amplication
of the WIDA standards and acknowledges those educators who were a part of that process, with apologies
to many others who contributed ideas via less formal interactions.
First, it is important to acknowledge the numerous educators who were involved in the development of
the 2004 and 2007 Editions of the WIDA English Language Prociency Standards. In 2003–04, more
than 65 teachers, administrators, and researchers at the classroom, district, state, university, and national
levels provided input and feedback. e rst major standards development meeting in May 2004 included
representatives from eight states and involved close analysis of the national TESOL (1997) ESL standards
for preK–12 students, as well as individual states’ language and content standards. Performance indicators
from these standards were examined and expanded to highlight their language functions. After intensive
review and revisions by the WIDA standards development team and partner sta at the Center for Applied
Linguistics, the large-scale assessment framework emerged. Later that year, the classroom framework was
added and in 2004, both were published.
In 2006–07, stakeholder consensus about several new ideas for the standards called for action. First among
these was the need to separate PreK–Kindergarten standards from those for grades 1 and 2, along with
the desire to reformat for ease of use, the decision to add a sixth prociency level and nally, the need to
incorporate example topics and genres from all member states’ content standards. Upon release of the 2007
Edition, the Consortium included 15 states. e drafts of the 2007 Edition were approved by a Standards
Review Committee consisting of state and local educational agency representatives, as well as WIDA sta
and partners at the Center for Applied Linguistics. As with all of WIDA’s standards work, the drafts were
also vetted by the Consortium Board of member state representatives.
e 2012 amplication development process began with the goal of improving how WIDA illustrates
academic language within its standards framework, especially considering the wide impact of the Common
Core State Standards on curriculum, instruction, and assessment. WIDA presented ideas, plans, and
templates at focus groups, meetings, and professional learning workshops, as well as shared its vision with
Consortium member states, Board representatives, and its Standards National Advisory Panel. Overall, the
development of this edition involved hundreds of teachers, consultants, administrators, university faculty,
and test developers. e visionary leadership of Dr. Margo Gottlieb and Andrea Cammilleri ensured that all
voices were heard and the best interests of students and teachers were always the main focus.
In February and March of 2010, WIDA held two initial feedback sessions. Consortium member state
educational agency representatives were invited to attend and/or nominate attendees, and several higher
education instructors and professional development facilitators were recruited. Participants in these events
were asked to share how the 2004 and 2007 Editions of the WIDA ELP Standards had been used in their
educational contexts and they rated 24 possible uses on their level of success to date. Next, they were
invited to rank their interest in 15 proposed resources that could support greater understanding and use of
the WIDA ELP Standards. Later, they discussed and rated many proposed new features to the standards
matrix. Finally, they reviewed an early draft of the new standards matrix and responded to some guiding
questions.
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anks to the following individuals for their important contributions at these events:
Feedback Session, February 23, 2010, Arlington Heights, IL
Maria Barreras, Madison Metropolitan School District, WI
Miguel Fernandez, Ph.D., Cicero Public School District 99, IL
Betzaida Gomez, Milwaukee Public Schools, WI
Lorena Gueny, Milwaukee Public Schools, WI
Harriette Herrera, Consultant, DePaul University, IL
John Hilliard, Illinois Resource Center, IL
Seon Hwa Eun, Illinois State Board of Education, IL
Tammy King, Illinois Resource Center, IL
Robin M. Lisboa, Illinois State Board of Education, IL
Alan Matan, Maine Township High School District 207, IL
Robin Rivas, Milwaukee Public Schools, WI
Gladys Rodriguez, Cicero Public School District 99, IL
Cristina Sanchez-Lopez, Illinois Resource Center, IL
Amaveli Ugaz, Madison Metropolitan School District, WI
Judy Yturriago, Ph.D., Northeastern Illinois University, IL
Diane Zendejas, Chicago Public School District 299, IL
Feedback Session, March 2, 2010, Washington, D.C.
Katarina Brito, District of Columbia Public Schools, DC
Nora Bustios, Oyster-Adams Bilingual School, DC
Curt Emmel, Manassas City Public Schools, VA
Matilde Rosa Jimenez, Manassas City Public Schools, VA
Carol Johnson, Georgia Department of Education, GA
Megan Moore, Manassas City Public Schools, VA
Bethany Nickerson, Ph.D., District of Columbia Oce of the State Superintendent of Education, DC
Regina Postogna, Asbury Park School District, NJ
Mari Rasmussen, Ph.D., National Clearinghouse for English Language Acquisition (NCELA)
Sarah Rosenbaum, Manassas City Public Schools, VA
Mindi Teich, District of Columbia Public Schools, DC
Jon Valentine, Georgia Department of Education, GA
WIDA also convened a Standards National Advisory Panel Meeting consisting of experts and
representatives from our Consortium’s state-level leaders in March 2010. e group discussed the vision
for the future of WIDA’s standards-based system of oerings and brainstormed the rst draft of WIDA’s
Guiding Principles of Language Development to serve as the theoretical foundation for the project.
Participants discussed how to bring these principles to life within the standards matrices, the Resource
Guide, and through other complementary eorts such as professional development. Finally, they
brainstormed how to encourage buy-in from wider groups of stakeholders, address the needs of sub-groups
of ELLs, incorporate multicultural elements and perspectives into the standards and standards-based
resources, and address the Common Core State Standards.
Standards National Advisory Panel Meeting, March 16–17, 2010
Diane August, Ph.D., Center for Applied Linguistics
Alison Bailey, Ph.D., University of California, Los Angeles
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Gisela Ernst-Slavit, Ph.D., Washington State University
John Hilliard, Illinois Resource Center
Anne Katz, Ph.D., Consultant
Robin M. Lisboa, Illinois State Board of Education
Joanne Marino, North Carolina Department of Public Instruction
Mary Lou McCloskey, Ph.D., Educo
Robert Measel, Rhode Island Department of Education
Mark Nigolian, Burlington School District, VT
Janet Orr, TEAL Services
Robin Rivas, Milwaukee Public Schools, WI
Dely Roberts, Alabama State Department of Education
At WIDA’s June 2010 Consortium Board meeting in Richmond, VA, progress on the project was shared
along with preliminary drafts of a strand. Twenty WIDA member states sent representatives to this meeting
and together, they endorsed the plans of the standards development team.
Over the remaining months of 2010, WIDA nalized the Guiding Principles of Language Development,
drafted Performance Denitions, and convened another national group of experts known as the Madison
Academic Language Working Group. is group was charged with dening and elaborating the core
components of academic language to support student growth, and continues to think about how to
eectively disseminate this information to various stakeholders including teachers and administrators,
researchers, policy-makers, and others.
Concurrently, the WIDA standards development team worked to nalize a draft matrix, and shared it
with about 20 educators participating in WIDA’s institute. e draft matrix was brought to the Executive
Committee of the WIDA Consortium Board for discussion and approval in December 2010. e Executive
Committee consisted of state educational agency representatives from six WIDA states (each representing a
region) and one local educational agency representative.
In February and April of 2011, WIDA brought together groups of language educators to learn about the
updated standards matrix and begin drafting grade-level strands of model performance indicators. e
grade-level and linguistic expertise of the following educators generated creative ideas for the draft strands.
WIDA is grateful for their ongoing commitment to the project.
Grades K–5 Strand-Writing Workshop, February 17–18, 2011, Madison, WI
Karen Alderson, CCSD#15, Palatine, IL
Donna DeVito, Cicero Public School District 99, IL
Pamela Dorn, Madison Metropolitan School District, WI
Rocio Fisher, West Chicago District 33, IL
Maritza Guilamo, West 40 Intermediate Service Center No. 2, IL
Mary Lattas, CCSD#15, Palatine, IL
Bonnie Nagel, District 300, Carpentersville, IL
Guadalupe Navarro, West Chicago District 33, IL
Carla O’Connor, CCSD#15, Palatine, IL
Ruth Reinl, Consultant
Robin Rivas, Milwaukee Public Schools, WI
Leslie Sandeen, Madison Metropolitan School District, WI
Allison Yount, West Chicago District 33, IL
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Grades 4–12 Strand-Writing Workshop, April 13–14, 2011, Arlington Heights, IL
Jorge Almodovar, District 300, Carpentersville, IL
Kelly Buczkiewicz, CCSD#15, Palatine, IL
Peg Christiansen, Township High School District 214, Arlington Heights, IL
Griselda Flores, Chicago Public School District 299, IL
Alma Giner-Garcia, Albuquerque Public Schools, NM
Maria Gregorio, CCSD#59, Arlington Heights, IL
Shelia Heck, Township High School District 214, Arlington Heights, IL
Greg Hansen, Albuquerque Public Schools, NM
Leticia Hernandez, Chicago Public School District 299, IL
Kari Jaeckel-Rodriguez, Evanston Township High School, IL
Tammy King, Illinois Resource Center, IL
Ben Kollasch, Middleton-Cross Plains Area School District, WI
Ruthann Lewis, Madison Metropolitan School District, WI
Hanna Martin, School District of Beloit, WI
Emily Miller, Madison Metropolitan School District, WI
Guadalupe Navarro, West Chicago District 33, IL
Kaitlin Parrett, CCSD#59, Arlington Heights, IL
Patricia Payne, Evanston Township High School, IL
Josh orison, School District of Beloit, WI
Magali Williams, IL
WIDA continued to review the strands created by educators, and in June 2011, presented an overview of
the development process and an example expanded standards matrix to the full WIDA Consortium Board,
which was met with enthusiasm by the 26 state educational agency representatives in attendance.
In late July 2011, the educators listed below were invited to WIDA’s oce in Madison, WI to focus on
revising the example context for language use accompanying each strand.
Example Context for Language Use Event, July 27, 2011, Madison, WI
Pamela Dorn, Madison Metropolitan School District, WI
Ben Kollasch, Middleton-Cross Plains Area School District, WI
Maureen Kuhn-Rojas, Naperville School District #203, IL
Ruthann Lewis, Madison Metropolitan School District, WI
Hanna Martin, School District of Beloit, WI
Sarah Symes, Madison Metropolitan School District, WI
Josh orison, School District of Beloit, WI
WIDA shared drafts of the Features of Academic Language, Performance Denitions, and three grade
levels of strands with its Standards National Advisory Panel during August 2011. In response to guiding
questions, participants gave written feedback and shared their perspectives in an interactive webinar. eir
approval prompted WIDA to publish its full draft for public review.
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Standards National Advisory Panel Interactive Webinar, August 30, 2011
Alison Bailey, Ph.D., University of California, Los Angeles
Gisela Ernst-Slavit, Ph.D., Washington State University
John Hilliard, Illinois Resource Center
Anne Katz, Ph.D., Consultant
Joanne Marino, North Carolina Department of Public Instruction
Mary Lou McCloskey, Ph.D., Educo
Mark Nigolian, Burlington School District, VT
Janet Orr, TEAL Services
Robin Rivas, Milwaukee Public Schools, WI
In September 2011, WIDA released a draft of the Features of Academic Language, strands of model
performance indicators for each grade level, and supplemental materials, including a tutorial. Educators
across the country were invited to submit an anonymous web form with overall comments about the
draft and its usefulness for language teachers and general education teachers. Additionally, surveys were
made available for educators to consider the appropriateness of the specic elements of one strand of
model performance indicators at each grade level. After the close of the comment period in November,
this information was compiled and reviewed to inform edits and enhancements to the nal version of this
edition. In all, over 675 grade-level surveys were submitted along with over 100 comments.
During the draft release period, the Center for Applied Linguistics also conducted a review of the expanded
matrices with a particular focus on improving the accuracy of linguistic features represented at each
prociency level and grade level. e following WIDA project sta at CAL participated in the review and/
or the aforementioned events:
WIDA Project Sta at the Center for Applied Linguistics, Washington, D.C.
Dorry Kenyon, Ph.D.
Abby Davis
Lakisha Dockett
Stephanie Gibson
Daniel Ginsberg
Michele Kawood
David MacGregor, Ph.D.
Jennifer Norton
Abbe Spokane
Anna Todorova
Kathryn Wolf
Following the draft review, many comments and insights from the eld were incorporated, and some
features were revised or added. At the WIDA Consortium Board meeting in June 2012, state educational
agency representatives from thirty states received near-nal draft copies and participated in discussions
about implementing the 2012 amplication. Upon release of the publication, additional eorts will take
place to ensure ongoing alignment to state and national standards and engage educators in professional
development around the standards framework.
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e following WIDA sta members and consultants participated in events and/or shared their time and
expertise over the course of the project:
WIDA Sta Contributors
Meredith Alt
Alissa Blair
Tim Boals, Ph.D.
Don Bouchard
Michelle Carson
H. Gary Cook, Ph.D.
Margot Downs
Emily Evans Fanaeian
Leslie Grimm
Susana Ibarra Johnson
Maureen Keithley
Bob Kohl
Naomi Lee, Ph.D.
Todd Lundberg, Ph.D.
Rita MacDonald
Lorena Mancilla
Jesse Markow
Daniella Molle, Ph.D.
Connie North, Ph.D.
Melissa Paton
Nancy Rydberg
Amanda Spalter
Samantha Stevens
Pakou Vang
Patricia Venegas
Carsten Wilmes, Ph.D.
This publication was made possible by the tireless eorts of the following WIDA sta
members:
WIDA ELD Standards Development Team
Margo Gottlieb, Ph.D., Lead Developer
Andrea Cammilleri, Assistant Director, Educator Resources & Technology
Mariana Castro, Director of Professional Development
M. Elizabeth Cranley, Ph.D., WIDA Associate Director
Janet Trembley, Graphic Design
ank you, everyone, for your contributions!
©2012 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System,
on behalf of the WIDA Consortium
www.wida.us
